Financial Documents, Baghdadi Jewish Community; Correspondence and School Records, Baghdadi Jewish Schools
View interactive document pageThese are documents from the Baghdadi Jewish community including financial records; blueprints; correspondence regarding charitable donations, synagogues, and Torah scrolls; lease agreements, taxi receipts, utility bills, and stationary receipts. There are also documents from the Jewish schools in Baghdad, including correspondence regarding student affairs, teachers, lists of students sitting for exams, school administration and financial matters, curriculum development; schedules; and chemistry notes from the Frank Iny School.
مديرية معارف لواء بغداد الشهادات والاحصاء " سرى " العدد / ١٢٠٢٧ التاريخ / ٢٧ / ٢ / ٥٥ ادارات المدارس المتوسطة الرسمية والاهلية والاجنبية للبنين كافة ........... بناء على طرد الطالب محمد علوان من متوسطة المدحتية طردا مؤبدا يرجى عدم قبوله عند المراجعة . [Signature] ⟦signature⟧ [Signature] مدير معارف لواء بغداد صورة منه الى :- مديرية المعارف العامة - اشارة لكتابها المرقم ١٤ / ١٦ / سر / ٦٤٠ والمؤرخ ٢٠ / ٣ / ١٩٥٥ ملاحظية الشهادات والاحصاء م / امين / ٢٤ [Stamp] ⟦illegible⟧
مديرية معارف لواء بغداد الشهادات والاحصاء العدد / التاريخ / ٢٢ / ٣ / ١٩٥٥ ٢١٥ ((( ســـــــري ))) الى " ادارات المدارس الابتدائية والمتوسطة والاعدادية الرسمية والاهلية والاجنبية للبنين والبنات كافــــــــــــــــــــــــة لا يجوز تزويد المفصولين من جراء تحريض الطلاب على الاضرابات او المفصولين لميول غير مرغوب فيها من تزويدهم بوثائق لغرض اشتراكهم في الامتحانات الخارجية فلا يجوز اشتراكهم في الخارجيين باي شكل كان . [Signature] ⟦signature⟧ [Signature] مدير معارف لواء بغداد نسخة منه الى " مديرية الشؤون الثقافية العامة / اشارة لكتابها المرقم ٦/١١/س/٤٥ والمؤرخ ٤ / ١ / ١٩٥٥ للتفضل بالعلم . المعاون السيد عبد الستار القره غولي الذاتية السيد عبد الامير الحمار / القائم باحصاء الخارجيين . ملاحظ الشهادات والاحصاء . [Marginalia] الكاتب [Marginalia] بيان للاستاذ شاؤول ابو لمدع [Marginalia] ⟦illegible⟧ [Marginalia] ٢٠ / ٤ / ١٩٥٥ ش - الد / ٢٢ [Stamp] ⟦illegible arabic⟧ [Stamp] FRANK INY SCHOOL * BAGHDAD
مديرية معارف لواء بغداد الشهادات والاحصاء العدد /: التاريخ /: ٢٢ / ٣ / ١٩٥٥ ٢١٥ ((( ⟦line⟧ سرى ))) الى " ادارات المدارس الابتدائية والمتوسطة والاعدادية الرسمية والاهلية والاجنبية للبنين والبنات كافة ⟦line⟧ لا يجوز تزويد المفصولين من جراء تحريض الطلاب على الاضرابات او المفصولين لميول غير مرغوب فيها من تزويدهم بوثائق لغرض اشتراكهم في الخارجين وعليه فلا يجوز اشتراكهم في الخارجين بأي شكل كان . ⟦signature⟧ مدير معارف لواء بغداد نسخة منه الى " مديرية الشؤون الثقافية العامة / اشارة لكتابها المرقم ٦ / ١١ / س / ٤٥ والمؤرخ ٤ / ١ / ١٩٥٥ للتفضل بالعلم . المعاون السيد عبد الستار القره غولي الذاتية ⟦line⟧ مديرية الشؤون الثقافية العامة / اشارة لكتابنا المرقم 111/6 س / 45 والمؤرخ 4 / 1 / 1955 المتخذ بالمحضر . المعاون السيد عبد الستار القره غولي الذاتية ⟦line⟧ السيد عبد الامير الحمار / القائم باعمال الخارجيين . ملاحظة الشهادات والاحصاء ⟦line⟧ خ ــ الد / 22 ⟦illegible⟧
B01 · stamp / arabic الكاتب تسجيل الكلام في الدفتر المختص B02 · stamp / mixed ⟦illegible⟧ ٧٤٦ ٩٥٥/٣/٢٧ B03 · form / arabic مديرية معارف لواء بغــــــــــــداد العدد / ١٢٧١٠ الشهادات والاحصاء التاريخ / ٢٤ / ٣ / ١٩٥٥ B04 · paragraph / arabic ادارات المدارس المتوسطة والاعدادية الرسمية والاهلية والاجنبية للبنين كافــــــــة B05 · paragraph / arabic ننقل اليكم ادناه صورة كتاب مديرية معارف لواء السليمانية المرقم ٢٣٨٠ والمؤرخ ١٤ / ٣ / ١٩٥٥ يرجى عدم قبول حاملها عند المراجعة واعتبارها ملغاة في حالة العثــــــــور عليهمـــــــــــــا . B06 · signature / arabic ⟦signature⟧ مدير معارف لواء بغداد B07 · header / arabic صورة الكتــــــــــــاب B08 · paragraph / arabic يدعى الطالب علي رضا صالح قد فقد وثيقته المدرسية المرقمة ٦٠٦ والمؤرخــــــــة في ٣١ / ٩ / ١٩٥٢ والصادرة من ادارة ثانوية السليمانية للبنين الى ثانوية بعقوبة المسائيــــــــة فيرجى اعتبارها ملغاة وعدم قبول حاملها عند المراجعــــــــة . B09 · signature / arabic التوقيع / مدير معارف لــــواء السليمانية B10 · footer / arabic نسخة منه الى : - مديرية معارف لواء السليمانية - اشارة لكتابها المنوه عنه اعلاه . ملاحظية الشهادات والاحصــــــــــــاء . B11 · marginalia / arabic الكاتب تسجيل الوارد في الدفتر المختص ١٩٥٥/٣/٢٤
B01 · stamp / arabic ⟦illegible⟧ بغداد B02 · header / arabic مديرية معارف لواء بغداد الشهادات والاحصاء B03 · form / arabic العدد /: ١٢٧١٠ التاريخ /: ٢٤ / ٣ / ١٩٥٥ B04 · paragraph / arabic ادارات المدارس المتوسطة والاعدادية الرسمية والاهلية والاجنبية للبنين كافة ⟦line⟧ B05 · paragraph / arabic ننقل اليكم ادناه صورة كتاب مديرية معارف لواء السليمانية المرقم ٢٣٨٠ والمؤرخ ١٤ / ٣ / ١٩٥٥ يرجى عدم قبول حاملها عند المراجعة واعتبارها ملغاة في حالة العثور عليهم ⟦line⟧ . B06 · signature / arabic ⟦signature⟧ مدير معارف لواء بغداد B07 · paragraph / arabic صورة الكتاب ⟦line⟧ B08 · paragraph / arabic يدعي الطالب علي رضا صالح قد فقد وثيقته المدرسية المرقمة ٦٠٦ والمؤرخة في ٣١ / ٩ / ١٩٥٢ والصادرة من ادارة ثانوية السليمانية للبنين الى ثانوية المسائية فيرجى اعتبارها ملغاة وعدم قبول حاملها عند المراجعة ⟦line⟧ . B09 · signature / arabic التوقيع / مدير معارف لواء السليمانية B10 · paragraph / arabic نسخة منه الى : - مديرية معارف لواء السليمانية - اشارة لكتابها المنوه عنه اعلاه . ملاحظة الشهادات والاحصاء ⟦line⟧ . B11 · marginalia / arabic ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ / ٣ / ٥٥ B12 · footer / arabic م / امين / ٢٣
مديرية معارف لواء بغداد الشهادات والاحصاء العدد / ١٢٧١٦ التاريخ / ٢٧ / ٣ / ١٩٥٥ (( مستعجل )) الموضوع / مواعيد الامتحانات العامة والنهائية الى " - ادارات المدارس الابتدائية والمتوسطة والاعدادية الرسمية والاهلية والاجنبية للبنين والبنات كافة -------- ١- تقرر ان تبدأ الامتحانات العامة للدراستين الاعدادية (بجميع الفروع) والمتوسطة يوم السبت الموافق ٤ / حزيران / ١٩٥٥ في الساعة الثامنة صباحا وفق الجداول المبينة ادناه . ٢- تبدأ الامتحانات العامة للدراسة الابتدائية يوم الاثنين الموافق ١٣ / حزيران / ١٩٥٥ في الساعة الثامنة صباحا وفق الجدول المبين ادناه . ٣- تبدأ الامتحانات النهائية للصفوف غير المنتهية لجميع الدراسات يوم السبت الموافق ٢٨ / مايس / ١٩٥٥ لمدة ستة ايام . ٤- تبدأ الامتحانات المدرسية للطلبة الخارجيين للدراستين الاعدادية والمتوسطة يوم السبت الموافق ٧ / مايس / ١٩٥٥ على ان تنتهي قبل يوم الاثنين الموافق ١٦ / مايس / ١٩٥٥ . ٥- تبدأ الامتحانات المدرسية للطلبة الخارجيين للدراسة الابتدائية يوم السبت الموافق ١٤ / مايس / ١٩٥٥ وتنتهي يوم الخميس الموافق ١٩ / مايس / ١٩٥٥ . [Signature] مدير معارف لواء بغداد نسخة منه الى " - رئاسة اللجنة العليا لادارة الامتحانات العامة / كلية الهندسة - اشارة لكتابها المرقم ٢٢ والمؤرخ ١٥ / ٣ / ١٩٥٥ . المعاون السيد عبد الستار القره غولي ملاحظية الشهادات والاحصاء الذاتية السيد عبد الامير الحمار لوحة الاعلانات / فيما يخص الخارجيين --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- يتبع -------- [Marginalia] الاستاذ شاؤول شطاح [Marginalia] للحفظ [Marginalia] ⟦illegible⟧ [Marginalia] ٢٨ / ٣ / ١٩٥٥ [Marginalia] ١٩٥٥/٤/٧ [Marginalia] ٧٣٨
[Marginalia] ملحق كتاب المعارف [Marginalia] ١٢٧٠٦ [Marginalia] ٥٥/٢/٢٤ ( ٢ ) جدول الامتحانات العامة للدراسة الاعدادية - الفرع العلمي - للبنين والبنات - الدور الاول | السبت | ٤ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | اللغة العربية | | الاحد | ٥ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | اللغة الانكليزية | | الاثنين | ٦ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | الهندسة المجسمة | | الثلاثاء | ٧ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | علم الاحياء | | الاربعاء | ٨ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | الجبر والمثلثات | | الخميس | ٩ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | الكيمياء | | السبت | ١١ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | الفيزياء | جدول الامتحانات العامة للدراسة الاعدادية - الفرع الادبي - للبنين والبنات / الدور الاول | السبت | ٤ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | اللغة العربية | | الاحد | ٥ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | اللغة الانكليزية | | الاثنين | ٦ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | التاريخ (الاسلامي والحديث) | | الثلاثاء | ٧ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | الجغرافية (الطبيعية والاقتصادية) | | الاربعاء | ٨ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | العلوم العامة | | الخميس | ٩ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | الاقتصاد (تربية الاطفال للبنات) | | السبت | ١١ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | الرياضيات العامة | جدول الامتحانات العامة للدراسة الاعدادية - القسم التجاري بفرعيه (العربي والانكليزي) الدور الاول | السبت | ٤ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | اللغة العربية | | الاحد | ٥ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | اللغة الانكليزية وطرق التجارة الانكليزية | | الاثنين | ٦ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | الحساب التجاري والرياضيات المالية | | الثلاثاء | ٧ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | الجغرافية | | الاربعاء | ٨ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | طرق التجارة العربية والقوانين التجارية | | الخميس | ٩ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | الاقتصاد | | السبت | ١١ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | مسك الدفاتر | جدول الامتحانات العامة للدراسة المتوسطة / الدور الاول | السبت | ٤ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | اللغة العربية | | الاحد | ٥ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | اللغة الانكليزية | | الاثنين | ٦ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | الاجتماعيات (التاريخ والجغرافية والواجبات) | | الثلاثاء | ٧ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | التاريخ الطبيعي والصحة | | الاربعاء | ٨ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | الرياضيات (الحساب والهندسة والجبر) | | الخميس | ٩ | حزيران | ١٩٥٥ | الفيزياء والكيمياء | يتبع
[Marginalia] ملحق كتاب المعارف رقم [Marginalia] ١٢٧٠٦ [Marginalia] ٥٥/٤/٢٤ - ٣ - ⟦جدول الامتحانات⟧ العامة للدراسة الابتدائية - الدور الاول | الاثنين | ١٣ حزيران ١٩٥٥ | اللغة العربية | | الثلاثاء | ١٤ حزيران ١٩٥٥ | اللغة الانكليزية | | الاربعاء | ١٥ حزيران ١٩٥٥ | مبادئ العلوم والصحة | | الخميس | ١٦ حزيران ١٩٥٥ | الاجتماعيات (التاريخ والجغرافية) | | السبت | ١٨ حزيران ١٩٥٥ | الحساب والقياسات | | الاحد | ١٩ حزيران ١٩٥٥ | الدين والواجبات | الد/٢٢
وزارة المعارف العراقية مديرية المعارف العامة الاحصاء العدد / ⟦illegible⟧ التاريخ ٢٧ / ٣ / ١٩٥٥ [Marginalia] منطقة خريسان [Marginalia] ⟦illegible⟧ ادارات المدارس الثانوية الاهلية والاجنبية نرسل اليكم نسخة واحدة (بثلاثة اجزاء) من المجموعة الاحصائية لتسجيل النفوس العام الذي جرى في العراق في سنة ١٩٤٧ راجين اعلامنا بالتسلم . [Signature] مدير المعارف العام [Signature] الدكتور ⟦محمد⟧ شريف نسخة منه الى : - السفارة العراقية بواشنطن - مع ثلاث عشرة نسخة (بثلاث اجزاء) من المجموعة المذكورة راجين - الملحق الثقافي - توزيعها على مكتبات الجامعات الشهيرة في اميركا واعلامنا بالتسلم السفارة العراقية في لندن - مع عشر نسخ (بثلاث اجزاء) لتوزيعها على مكتبات الجامعات الشهيرة - الملحق الثقافي - في انكلترا . واعلامنا بالتسلم السفارة العراقية في باريس - مع عشر نسخ (بثلاث اجزاء) لتوزيعها على مكتبات الجامعات الشهيرة - الملحق الثقافي - في فرنسا . واعلامنا بالتسلم السفارة العراقية في بيروت - مع ثلاث نسخ (بثلاث اجزاء) راجين توزيعها على مكتبات الجامعات - الملحق الثقافي - الشهيرة في القطرين السوري واللبناني . واعلامنا بالتسلم السفارة العراقية في انقرة - مع ثلاث نسخ (بثلاث اجزاء) لتوزيعها على مكتبات الجامعات في تركيا - الملحق الثقافي - واعلامنا بالتسلم . السفارة العراقية في القاهرة - مع اربع نسخ (بثلاث اجزاء) لتوزيعها على مكتبات الجامعات في القطر - الملحق الثقافي - المصري واعلامنا بالتسلم . مديرية النفوس العامة - اشارة الى كتابكم المرقم ٣٠٧٣ المؤرخ ١٧ / ٢ / ١٩٥٥ مديرية الاحصاء . [Marginalia] يحفظ [Marginalia] ⟦illegible⟧ [Marginalia] ٤ / ٤ / ١٩٥٥ [Signature] الحديثي [Stamp] ⟦FRANK INY SCHOOL⟧ [Stamp] ⟦BAGHDAD⟧ [Stamp] ⟦مدرسة فرنك عيني⟧ [Marginalia] ١٩٥٥/٤/٢٠ [Marginalia] ٧٤٢
وزارة المعارف العراقية مديرية المعارف العامة الاحصاء العدد /: ١٠٢٧ V.N التاريخ: ١٥ / ٣ / ١٩٥٥ [Marginalia] نسخة للمدارس للبنين [Marginalia] والبنات ادارات المدارس الثانوية الاهلية والاجنبية نرسل اليكم نسخة واحدة (بثلاثة اجزاء) من المجموعة الاحصائية لتسجيل النفوس العام الذي جرى في العراق في سنة ٩٤٧ راجين اعلامنا بالتسلم . [Signature] مدير المعارف العام [Signature] الدكتور محمد بهجت شريف نسخة منه الى :- السفارة العراقية بواشنطن - مع ثلاث عشرة نسخة (بثلاث اجزاء) من المجموعة المذكورة راجين - الملحق الثقافي - توزيعها على مكتبات الجامعات الشهيرة في اميركا واعلامنا بالتسلم السفارة العراقية في لندن - مع عشر نسخ (بثلاث اجزاء) لتوزيعها على مكتبات الجامعات الشهيرة - الملحق الثقافي - في انكلترا . واعلامنا بالتسلم السفارة العراقية في باريس - مع عشر نسخ (بثلاث اجزاء) لتوزيعها على مكتبات الجامعات الشهيرة - الملحق الثقافي - في فرنسا . واعلامنا بالتسلم السفارة العراقية في بيروت - مع ثلاث نسخ (بثلاث اجزاء) راجين توزيعها على مكتبات الجامعات - الملحق الثقافي - الشهيرة في القطرين السوري واللبناني . واعلامنا بالتسلم السفارة العراقية في انقرة - مع ثلاث نسخ (بثلاث اجزاء) لتوزيعها على مكتبات الجامعات في تركيا - الملحق الثقافي - واعلامنا بالتسلم . السفارة العراقية في القاهرة - مع اربع نسخ (بثلاث اجزاء) لتوزيعها على مكتبات الجامعات في القطر - الملحق الثقافي - المصري واعلامنا بالتسلم . مديرية النفوس العامة - اشارة الى كتابكم المرقم ٣٠٧٣ المؤرخ ١٧ / ٢ / ١٩٥٥ مديرية الاحصاء [Signature] الحسيني [Signature] ١٩٥٥/٣/٢٠ [Signature] ٧٤٣
FRANK INY SCHOOL Chemistry Notes for the Second Year Intermediate 1959 - 1960 I N T R O D U C T I O N 1. What is Chemistry ? Chemistry is a science which deals with the const⟦...⟧ion of matter, its properties, its methods of preparation, its reaction with other substances, and the changes which occur on it. 2. What can a chemist do ? A chemist can know the reasons for the chemical changes of matter and can make from simple substances new preparations which increase the prosperity of the human race. It is the chemist who can make soap, matches, cement, photographic films, dyes, explosives, glass and drugs. Every industry needs the chemist and the progress of mankind lies in his hands. 3. Is chemistry ⟦...⟧ science? Chemistry ⟦...⟧ in its childhood. New discoveries show us that there is a very wide field for investigating the secrets of nature. There are some simple chemical re- actions which nature can easily do, but are still not done in the laboratory by the chemist. Our bodies are complicated chemical factories about which we know very little. The future will prove how little we now know about the nature of matter and how vast is the field of science which lies before us. PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS 4. Matter: Is anything that occupies a space and has a weight e.g. iron, wood, air. 5. Body: Is a limited part of matter e.g. knife, chair. 6. Mass: Is the quantity of matter which a body contains. 7. States of matter.- a) Solids: Are those substances that have a definite shape and volume. Their molecules are close to each other and have a big attraction among them e.g. glass. b) Liquids: Are those substances that have variable shape and definite volume, their molecules are somewhat close to each other and have less attraction among them than in the case of Solids.
Page 2 c) Gases: Are those substances which have variable shape and volume, their molecules are far apart from each other, and have less attraction among them than in the case of liquids. 8. Properties of Matter a) Physical Properties:- Are those properties that concern the outside appearance of the substance and have no relation to its composition. b) Chemical properties:- Are those properties that concern the actual composition and behaviour of the substance. 9. Changes of matter:- a) Physical changes Are temporary changes that occur on the appearance of matter such as a change of state without any alteration of mass e.g. 1- Melting of Wax. 2- Heating a piece of iron until it becomes red, then white. 3- Evaporation of water. b) Chemical changes Are permanent changes that occur on the actual composition of the substance with the loss of original properties e.g. 1- The burning of wood. 2- The Rusting of iron etc. 10. Constitution of Matter All substances are composed of very small particles invisible to the naked eye and the microscope which are called "molecules". These molecules are in turn composed of smaller particles called " atoms ". 11. A Molecule: Is the smallest part of the substance that has all the properties of that substance. 12. An Atom: Is the smallest part of the substance that can enter into a chemical reaction.
B01 · header / latin / Page 3 B02 · paragraph / latin 13. Types of Matter:- a) An Element: Is that substance which has <del>so far</del> not been subdivided into simpler substances. The atoms of an element are all similar. e.g. Silver, mercury, oxygen and hydrogen. The molecules of an element are composed of similar atoms. B03 · paragraph / latin b) A Compound:- Is that substance formed by the union of two or more elements in definite proportions by weight so that it differs in its properties from its constituents. The atoms of a compound are not similar. e.g. Water is a compound formed by the union of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 1:8 by weight. B04 · paragraph / latin c) A Mixture:- Is that substance made by the addition of two or more substances in any proportion, so that all the constit- uents retain their original properties. e.g. Air is a mixture of many gases. B05 · paragraph / latin 14. Differences between Mixtures and Compounds B06 · table / latin Compound | Mixture 1. The properties of a compound are entirely different from those of its constituents. | 1. A mixture possesses the common properties of its constituents. 2. The constituents of a compound are combined in definite proportions by weight. | 2. The proportions of the constituents of a mixture are variable. 3. The constituents of a compound cannot be separated, but by difficult chemical means. e.g. electrolysis, reduction, etc.. | 3. The constituents of a mixture can be separated easily by mechanical or physical processes e.g. by a magnet or by distillation, etc.. 4. A compound is a homogeneous substance. | 4. A mixture is usually a heterogeneous substance.
B01 · header / latin Page 4 Kinds of Elements B02 · paragraph / latin 15. There are ninety six elements in nature. They are divided into two kinds according to their properties. 1. Metals 2. Non-Metals B03 · table / latin Name of Metal | Symbol | Name of Metal | Symbol Potassium | K | Nickel | Ni Sodium | Na | Tin | Sn Barium | Ba | Lead | Pb Magnesium | Mg Aluminium | Al | Arsenic | As Chromium | Cr | Copper | Cu Manganese | Mn | Mercury | Hg Zinc | Zn | Silver | Ag Iron | Fe | Gold | Au Cobalt | Co | Platinium | Pt B04 · table / latin Some important Non-Metals and their Symbols Oxygen | O₂ | Phosphorus | P Chlorine | Cl₂ | Nitrogen | N₂ Bromine | Br₂ | Carbon | C Iodine | I ₂ | Silicon | Si Sulphur | S | Helium | He Hydrogen | H₂ B05 · paragraph / latin Note: 1. All symbols begin with capital letters, the second letter is always small. 2. All gases are made up of 2 atoms except the inert gases, they are of one atom and ozone is of three atoms. B06 · table / latin Metals | Non-Metals 1. They are bright and reflect light when freshly cut. | 1. They are dull, and do not reflect light when freshly cut. 2. They are all solids except mercury. | 2. They are solids, liquids or gases e.g. S, Br₂, N₂ 3. They are malleable & ductile. | 3. They are brittle. 4. They are good conductors of heat and electricity. | 4. They are bad conductors of heat & electricity. 5. They form basic oxides. | 5. They form acidic oxides. 6. Generally they dissolve in mineral acids and give off hydrogen. | 6. Usually they do not dissolve in mineral acids. 7. They form amalgams & alloys. | 7. They do not form amalgams & alloys. 8. Their Specific gravities are | 8. Their Specific gravities are
B01 · header / latin Page 5 B02 · paragraph / latin 19. A Solution: Is a homogeneous mixture formed by the disappearance of the molecules of a substance called 'Solute' among the molecules of another substance called "Solvent". For example, the behaviour of some solids such as sugar or salt when brought into contact with water is a familiar fact of experience, The solid seems to disappear into the liquid, and we say that it has "Dissolved", while the resulting homogeneous mixture is termed a "Solution". The dissolved substance is called the "Solute" and the liquid in which it is dissolved, the "Solvent". If we dissolve sugar (solute) in water (solvent) the sugar will be divided into molecules. These molecules will disappear in the spaces found among the molecules of water and the resulting mixture is Solution of sugar in water. B03 · paragraph / latin 20. Saturation: Is that limit beyond which apparently we cannot dissolve any more of the solute in a certain quantity of the solvent at a definite temperature. B04 · paragraph / latin 21. Solubility: Is the weight (number of grams) of solute which is sufficient to saturate 100 grams of the solvent at a certain temperature. e.g., the solubility of sodium chloride (Na Cl) in water at 0°C is 35.6 grams, i.e. 35.6 grams of sodium chloride will saturate 100 gms. of water at 0 °C. B05 · paragraph / latin 22. The general bases of Solubility: 1. The solubility of solids in liquids increases with the increase of temperature. 2. The solubility of solids in liquids does not increase with the increase of agitation and stirring. 3. The Mass of gases dissolved in liquids increases with the increase of pressure. 4. The solubility of gases in liquids decreases with the increase of temperature. 5. The boiling point (B.P.) of a liquid rises and its freezing point becomes lower when a solid substance dissolves in it. For examples, A solution of sugar and water boils at a temperature higher than 100 °C and it freezes at a temperature lower than 0 °C. B06 · paragraph / latin 23. Kinds of Solutions: 1. A true solution: Is that solution which is homogeneous and transparent, in which the solid particles (solute) are very small and pass through filter paper, and do not separate under gravity. e.g. solution of sugar in water. 2. A Colloidal solution: Is that solution which is semi-homogeneous and semi-transparent, in which the solid particles are comparatively large in size, do not pass easily through filter paper, and do not settle under gravity, e.g. milk, gum, blood.
Page 6 3. A Suspension: Is that solution which is not homogeneous and not transparent, and which consists of gross particles of solid matter which do not pass through filter paper and which settle under gravity, e.g. solution of chalk, or clay in water. 24. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTIONS: Solutions are classified according to the proportion of solute and solvent which they contain as follows:- (a) A Dilute Solution:- Is that solution which contains a small amount of solute in proportion to the solvent. (b) A Concentrated Solution:- Is that solution ⟦which⟧ contains a large amount of solute in proportion to the solvent. (c) An Unsaturated Solution:- Is that solution which contains a quantity of solute less than that which is sufficient to saturate it at a certain temperature and pressure. Such a solution can dissolve more of the solute under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. For example, if a pinch of sugar is dissolved in a glass of water, the solution is unsaturated because it can readily dissolve more sugar. (d) A Saturated Solution:- Is that solution which contains all the solute it can normally dissolve at a given temperature and pressure. For example, if several teaspoonfuls of sugar are stirred in a glass of water, some of the sugar will dissolve while the rest will drop to the bottom of the glass. The clear solution is now said to be saturated at the given temperature and pressure. (e) A ⟦Supersaturated⟧ Solution:- Is that solution which contains more of the solute than it can normally hold at the given temperature and pressure. For example, if we dissolve 10 grams of K Cl O₃ in 100 grams of water we get a saturated solution at 30°C. Upon raising the temperature of this solution to 50°C, we find that the 100 grams of water will now dissolve 20 grams of K Cl O₃ then producing a saturated solution. If the solution is carefully cooled back to 30°C, we observe that the excess K Cl O₃ does not crystallize out, but remains dissolved, thus yielding a solution of K Cl O₃ at 30°C which has more solute in it than a saturated solution at that temperature should normally have. Such a solution is said to be "Supersaturated". This condition is unstable, for if the solution is shaken, the 10 gms of K Cl O₃ which are in
B01 · header / latin Page 7 B02 · paragraph / latin excess will quickly crystallize out, leaving the original saturated solution which contains 10 gms of K Cl O₃ dissolved in 100 grams of water at 30°C. B03 · paragraph / latin 25. DISTILLATION:- Is the process of converting a liquid into vapour by heat, and then condensing the vapour back to liquid again, thus leaving behind non-volatile impurities. The pure liquid thus gotten is called the "Distillate". A suitable apparatus for this purpose is shown in the diagram (Fig.1). B04 · other / latin ⟦line drawing of distillation apparatus⟧ B05 · paragraph / latin 26. FILTRATION:- Is the process of running a liquid through a porous material, such as coarse paper, sand, etc...in order to remove suspended solid matter. The clear liquid which runs through the filter is called "Filtrate". B06 · other / latin ⟦line drawing of filtration apparatus⟧ ( Fig 2 ) B07 · paragraph / latin 27. DECOMPOSITION:- Is the process of separating a compound into its elements or into simpler substances For example, heating K Cl O₃ to yield K Cl and oxygen. B08 · other / latin θ 2 K Cl O₃ ⟦line⟧→ 2 K Cl + 3 O₂ Potassium Chlorate Potassium Chloride + Oxygen
B01 · header / latin
Page 8
B02 · paragraph / latin
28. Electrolysis: Is the process of decomposing a compound by means
of an electric current.
B03 · paragraph / latin
29. ANALYSIS:- Is the process of finding the composition of a substance
by decomposition into its elements or into simpler substances. For
example, water can be analysed by electrolysis yielding hydrogen
and oxygen.
Water Electric current Hydrogen + Oxygen.
Sulphuric acid ⟦line⟧
B04 · paragraph / latin
30. SYNTHESIS:- Is the combination of two or more substances, resulting
in the formation of a more complex substance. For example,
C + O₂ ⟦line⟧ C O₂
Carbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide
B05 · paragraph / latin
31. REACTION: Any chemical change is called a reaction.
B06 · paragraph / latin
32. An Alloy: Is a substance formed by mixing together two or more
molten metals. For example, Brass is an alloy which is composed
of Copper and Zinc.
B07 · paragraph / latin
33. An AMALGAM: Is an alloy of mercury with some other metal. For
example, gold amalgam.
B08 · paragraph / latin
34. SUBLIMATION: Is the process of a solid vaporizing and then
condensing back to a solid without passing through the liquid
state. For example, sublimation of iodine.
B09 · paragraph / latin
35. PRECIPITATE: Is an insoluble substance resulting from a chemical
action between substances in solutions. For example,
Na Cl + Ag N O₃ ⟦line⟧ Ag Cl + Na N O₃
Sodium Chloride + Silver Nitrate ⟦line⟧ Silver Chloridge + Sodium
Nitrate.
x x x x x x x
B10 · paragraph / latin
36. CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
Substances often do not remain as they are, but they either
react with each other or decompose into simpler substances. Such
changes which alter the composition of a substance and form one
or more new substances, are called "Chemical Reactions". Chemistry
is a science which deals with such changes as distinguished from
other sciences.
Page 9 The Chemist has devised a highly practical system to represent elements and compounds ⟦by⟧ means of symbols and formulas indicating how substances are built up, and how they react with each other. By this means he can indicate what is present in a test tube, and what happens when something is added to it. To make this clear, the student has to be acquainted with the following:- (a) Symbols: A chemical symbol consists of one or two letters of the English name or the latin name of an element denoting one atom of it. For example, the symbol for Oxygen is O, and that of Silver is Ag, (from Latin, Argentum). (b) Valency or Valence: is the "Force" or "ability" of an element to combine with other elements to form a chemical compound. This force or ability is measured by the number of hydrogen atoms which will combine with one atom of the element. So the valency of an element is defined as the number of hydrogen atoms (or any monovalent element, e.g. Chlorine) with which one atom of the element can combine, or which it can displace. Accordingly, the valency of an element which does not combine with any other element is Zero, e.g. Helium. The valency of an element which combines with one atom of hydrogen is one. Such an element is said to be "Mono- valent"; e.g. Chlorine, in (HCl), or hydrochloric acid. The valency of an element ⟦which combines with two atoms of hydrogen is 2. Such⟧ an element is "Divalent"; e.g. Oxygen in (H2O) or water. The valency of an element which combines with three atoms of hydrogen is 3, and it is "Trivalent"; e.g. nitrogen in (NH3) or ammonia and so on. Valency could reach 8 as a maximum. Some of the elements have constant valencies in all their compounds, while others have variable valencies according to the kind of compound they are prezent in, and to the condition of the reactions. The following table gives the symbols of the important elements and their valencies:- | Element | Symbol | Valence | Element | Symbol | Valence | | Sodium | Na | 1 | Tin | Sn | 2,4 | | Potassium | K | 1 | Aluminium | Al | 3 | | Silver | Ag | 1 | Gold | Au | 3,1 | | Magnesium | Mg | 2 | Chlorine | Cl | 1 | | Calcium | Ca | 2 | Iodine | I | 1 | | Zinc | Zn | 2 | Oxygen | O | 2,4 | | Barium | Ba | 2 | Nitrogen | N | 2,3,5 | | Copper | Cu | 2,1 | Phosphorus | P | 3,5 | | Mercury | Hg | 2,1 | Carbon | C | 4,2 | | Iron | Fe | 2,3 | Silicon | Si | 4 | | Lead | Pb | 2,4 | Sulphur | S | 2,4,6 |
B01 · header / latin Page 21. B02 · header / latin O X I D E S B03 · paragraph / latin 57. DEFINITION: An oxide is a compound consisting of oxygen and one other element. Many compounds containing oxygen are not oxides since they consist of three or more elements e.g. Ca CO₃. B04 · paragraph / latin 58. CLASSIFICATION OF OXIDES:- 1- Acidic oxides: are usually non-metallic oxides. If soluble in water they combine with it forming an acid. Their solutions in water change blue litmus paper to red. They combine with bases to form salts and water. B05 · table / latin SO₃ + H₂O ⟦line⟧> H₂ SO₄ CO₂ + Ca(OH)₂ ⟦line⟧> Ca CO₃ + H₂ O carbon dioxide calcium hydroxide calcium carbonate acidic oxide base salt water B06 · paragraph / latin Examples:- Sulphur Dioxide (S O₂), Sulphur Trioxide (S O₃), Carbon Dioxide (C O₂), phosphorus pentoxide (P₂ O₅), Sileca or Silicon dioxide (Si O₂O, Chromium Trioxide (Cr₂ O₃). B07 · paragraph / latin 2- Basic oxides. They are all oxides of metals. If they dissolve in water they form an ALKALI or soluble hydroxide. Their solutions in water change red litmus paper to blue. They combine with acids to form salts and water. B08 · table / latin Ca O + H₂O ⟦line⟧> Ca (OH)₂ Ca O + 2 H Cl ⟦line⟧> Ca Cl₂ + H₂ O calcium oxide hydrochloric acid calcium chloride Basic oxide acid salt water B09 · paragraph / latin Examples:- Sodium oxide (Na₂O), calcium oxide (Ca O), Copper oxide (Cu O). B10 · paragraph / latin 3- Neutral oxides:- Are those oxides which when dissolved in water do not affect litmus. They will combine neither with acids nor with bases, so no salts are formed. Examples are:- Water (H₂ O), Carbon monoxide (C O), Nitrous oxide (N₂O) and ( N O).
Page 20 55. USES OF OXYGEN : - (a) - uses of oxygen in the air:- 1. Respiration of both animal and plants. 2. For burning. 3. Aeration of drinking water for killing bacteria. 4. It assists certain bacteria to decay waste matter. (b) - Uses of pure oxygen:- 1. to produce high temperature by means of oxy-hydrogen and oxy-acetylene torches, for cutting and welding steel. Recently, mixtures of liquid oxygen and gasoline have been used to shoot experimental rockets into the upper atmosphere. 2. For artificial respiration as in case of pneumonia, drowning and (CO) poisoning. 3. For aviators and mountain climbers at high altitudes. -----------------------
Page 19 2P + 5O₂ ───────────→ P₂ O₅ 2 Mg + O₂ ───────────→ 2 Mg O 4 Na + O₂ ───────────→ 2 Na₂ O 4 Fe + 3O₂ ───────────→ 2 Fe₂ O₃ 51. OXIDATION:- Is the union of a substance with oxygen; or the increase in the valency of a metal; or the loss of electrons. e.g. 2 H₂ + O₂ ───────────→ 2 H₂ O or Fe + + - e ───────────→ Fe + + + ferrous ferric 52. COMBUSTION: Is any chemical reaction producing heat and light. It is usually a rapid oxidation, although oxygen is not the only gas that supports combustion. For example, sodium burns vigorously in Chlorine, producing sodium chloride. 53. KINDLING TEMPERATURE:- Is the lowest temperature at which the substance begins to burn. For example, yellow phosphorous has an extremely low kindling temperature (36⁰C) and must therefore be kept under water. On the other hand, coal has a relatively high kindling temperature. In making fire in a stove we have to start first by igniting paper which has a fairly low kindling temperature. The heat generated is sufficient to raise the wood to its kindling temperature, which in turn, heats the coal until the kindling temperature of coal is reached. 54. SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION: - It is self-burning caused by slow oxidation of an oxidizable substance embeded in another substance which is a bad conductor of heat. e.g. If a piece of cotton cloth is moistened with oil and left, the oil will gradually be oxidized and the heat generated will not be dissipated because the cotton cloth is a bad conductor of heat, so heat will accumulate until the kindling point of cotton is reached and fire takes place.
B01 · header / latin Page 18. B02 · other / latin water containing little ⟦sulphuric⟧ acid Oxygen 10cc Hydrogen 20cc. Cathode Anode + Hoffman Apparatus. Fig.4 B03 · paragraph / latin (b) Distillation of liquid air:- Air may be liquified by subjecting it to a high pressure and a low temperature. When liquid air is allowed to boil, the nitrogen, having a lower boiling point escapes as a gas leaving nearly pure liquid oxygen, which is directed into iron cylinders for transportation. B04 · paragraph / latin 50. PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN:- a- physical properties:- 1. It is a gas under ordinary conditions 2. It is colourless, odourless and tasteless gas. 3. It is slightly heavier than air. 4. It is sparingly soluble in water. 5. It can be liquified and solidified by subjecting it to an extremely low temperature and a high pressure. b- Chemical properties:- 1. Oxygen does not burn, but it supports combustion. 2. Chemically it is very active. It combines with nearly all elements to form oxides:- S + O₂ ⟦line⟧ SO₂ C + O₂ ⟦line⟧ CO₂
B01 · header / latin
Page 17.
B02 · paragraph / latin
The manganese dioxide does not enter into the reaction. Its function
is simply to help the evolution of oxygen at a faster rate and at a
lower temperature without undergoing any change itself.
Such a substance is called "catalytic agent" or "catalyst".
B03 · paragraph / latin
A catalytic agent or (catalyst) is a subtance which changes the speed
of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any change either in
weight or in composition.
B04 · paragraph / latin
(b)- From red mercuric oxide (Historical method). By heating red
mercuric oxide vigorously in a test tube closed by a rubber-stopper
through which passes a delivery tube, which extends to a trough
containing water, the red mercuric oxide will decompose into metallic
mercury which remains in the test tube and oxygen which passes through
the delivery tube and is collected by an upward displacement of water.
The equation for the reaction is:
B05 · other / latin
2 Hg O ⟦line⟧ 2 Hg + O₂↑
Θ
B06 · paragraph / latin
2- Commercial methods:-
(a) Electrolysis of Water:- The apparatus is filled with acidified
water ( a little H₂ SO₄ is added to water to make it electrically
conductive) and a current is passed through the solution by connecting
the two platinum foils at the bottom of the two side tubes, with the
poles of an electric battery (D.C.) The platinum foils are called
"Electrodes". The water is decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen. The
oxygen collects over the positive electrode "anode", while the hydrogen
collects over the negative electrode (cathode).
B07 · paragraph / latin
The volume of hydrogen thus obtained is always twice as great as the
volume of oxygen. The Hoffman apparatus, (fig.4.), is a convenient
device for this process of electrolysis. The reaction is
B08 · other / latin
2 H₂ O ⟦line⟧ 2 H₂ + O₂
H₂ SO₄
Page 16 O X Y G E N 48. OCCURENCE. Oxygen is the most abundant element in nature. It occurs both in the free state and combined with other elements. 1. In the free state; it is found in air in the ratio of 21 % by volume. It is also found dissolved in water in a proportion little more than that present in air. 2. In the combined state; it constitutes about one half of the earth crust, eight ninths the weight of water, and about 70 % of the living bodies. 49. METHODS OF PREPARATION 1. Laboratory methods:- (a) From potassium chlorate. Oxygen is readily prepared in the lab., by gently heating a mixture of potassium chlorate (K Cl O₃) and manganese dioxide (Mn O₂). The evolved gas is collected by an upward displacement of water as shown in (Fig.3). The equation for the reaction is: 2 K Cl O₃ ——Mn O₂——> 2 K Cl + 3O₂↑ ⟦Δ⟧ potassium potassium oxygen chlorate chloride K Cl O₃ + Mn O₂ Burner delivery Tube oxygen water trough ⟦Δ⟧ 2 K Cl O₃ ——————> 2 K Cl + 3O₂↑ Fig. 3