Voices from the Archive

IJA 2842

Reports and Correspondence from the Iraqi Government and Embassies

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Description

These are documents from the Iraqi government. Included are: news reports about Yasser Arafat’s visits to Egypt and other Arab countries; Kuwait’s security procedures; a confidential letter from the Iraqi embassy in Beirut to the Foreign Ministry - General Affairs Department regarding Egyptian-Palestinian communications; and documents from several Iraqi embassies and consulates concerning the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Camp David Accords.

Metadata

Archive Reference
IJA 2842
Item Number
9671
Date
Approx. January 1, 1971 to December 31, 1980
Languages
Arabic
Keywords
Cairo, Tunis, Yemen, Kuwait, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Typed, Germany, Intelligence, Palestinian, Letterhead, Palestine, Yasser Arafat, Iraqi Government Ink Stamp, Egypt, Eagle Crest, Annotation, Middle Eastern Politics, Handwritten, Iraqi Embassy, Beirut, Lebanon, Iraqi Intelligence Service

AI en Translation, Pages 176-200

Page 176

Iraqi Interests Section in Cairo
General Affairs
Number :: 3
Date :: 24 / 1 / 1981
To / General Affairs Department
Subject / Follow-up
Your letter No. G.A. / 262 on 5 / 1 / 1981
We wish to inform you that we will work on following up the end of the Egyptian atmosphere
In anticipation of any change in US policy during the era of
Reagan, and we will provide you with that firsthand, with appreciation.
Attached is a report on what is happening in the Egyptian arena regarding Egypt's relationship with the United
States and the Egyptian delegation said to be sent by Sadat
to Yasser Arafat
⟦signature⟧
Head of General Affairs

Page 177

The Egyptian government demands the new American administration to quickly
open or conduct talks with Egypt
⟦line⟧
Many fears prevail in the ruling circles in Egypt regarding the administration of the new American President Reagan about his position
towards the Egyptian regime, especially Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. Egyptian fears are many, the most important of which are:
1- American bases in Egypt.
2- Bilateral relations between Egypt and Washington.
3- The American role in the peace talks in the Middle East.
4- <del>American military and economic aid</del>.
5- Sadat sent an Egyptian delegation to meet Yasser Arafat in Beirut. Regarding American bases, the administration of President
the new American Reagan, its intention, according to information received by the Egyptian government from its embassy in
Washington, is that the Reagan administration demands Egypt and insists that the military airports from which Israel will evacuate in
Sinai in the final stage of its withdrawal be placed at the disposal of American forces and under full American supervision
without Egypt interfering in that, while Egypt wants to place these airports at the disposal of America but under the clause
of facilities on Egyptian territory and that these bases be under the supervision of Egyptian forces.
Regarding bilateral relations between Egypt and Washington, Egyptian fears are many, especially since the administration of President
the new American Reagan has many interests with other Arab countries, especially the Gulf states. Therefore, the fears
include that the new Reagan administration will direct its attention to these countries and give them an important role in the region
and work on mending relations between America and these Arab countries, which suffered a major deterioration due to the policy
of American President Carter, which deteriorated significantly because of his sympathy with Egyptian President Anwar Sadat.
Egyptian fears have recently increased after Egypt received reports that the Reagan administration has begun its contact with Saudi Arabia and Jordan without
contacting Egyptian President Sadat so far.. Egyptian fears increased further when it received information that
the Reagan administration has actually contacted Jordan in a private message delivered to Zaid bin Shaker, Chief of Staff of the Jordanian forces, who
was visiting America recently, to deliver it to King Hussein. Egyptian circles believe that this message relates to supporting

Page 179

In any solution for it to Amman and not to Cai⟦line⟧ro.
The Egyptian President sent a message to the Market countries with Lord Carrington, the British Foreign Secretary⟦line⟧
and the godfather of the famous Security Council Resolution 242, asking them to move to solve the Palestinian issue within the agreements of
Camp David and that Egypt would support the European countries in any effort they make on the condition that it be a completion of the ef⟦line⟧fort
Egyptian and American efforts exerted within the framework of the rights of the Palestinian people, specifically in the self-rule negotiat⟦line⟧ions.
As for Egypt's position on the PLO, and after Egyptian policy failed to convince Jordan to participate
in the self-rule negotiations according to the Camp David agreements, Egypt and His Excellency the Egyptian President An⟦line⟧war
Sadat resorted to sending an Egyptian delegation headed by Abdel Rahman al-Sharqawi and including Ahmed Hamroush, Hamed Zeidan, and Lutf⟦line⟧i
al-Khouli, Father Grifor Issos, and Dr. Abdullah Abdel Shakur, Undersecretary of the Egyptian Ministry of Awqaf, to meet wi⟦line⟧th
Yasser Arafat and convince him to stand with Egypt in everything related to the Palestinian issue, especially after Cai⟦line⟧ro received
a report that the Syrian regime of Hafez al-Assad would eliminate the Palestinian resistance soon and that the Presid⟦line⟧ent
Egyptian welcomes Yasser Arafat to come to Egypt and to take his headquarters again in Cairo. And he sen⟦line⟧t
the Egyptian President his delegation to Beirut under the pretext of attending meetings of the Egyptian Committee for Asian-African Solidarity and respond⟦line⟧ing
to an invitation from the Palestine Liberation Organization. The Egyptian delegation held talks with Yasser Arafat, Abu Iyad, and Ab⟦line⟧u
al-Lutf, Abu al-Hol, and Abu Jihad, the leaders of Fatah. Also, Fahd al-Qawasmeh attended some of these talks, and the delegat⟦line⟧ion was accompanied
Egyptian under heavy Palestinian guard headed by Abu Akram, the official in charge of Palestinians in Beirut, and Abu Yahya, an of⟦line⟧ficer
of the Political Department, and Dr. Ramzi, director of Yasser Arafa⟦line⟧t's office. ⟦handwriting⟧ From Lutfi al-Khouli
And what he broadcast of the truth of what is said about sending this delegation to Yasser Arafat, and that actually took place. ⟦handwriting⟧
The Egyptian delegation returned to Egypt, and Abdel Rahman al-Sharqawi met immediately upon their arrival in Cairo with the Egyp⟦line⟧tian President
Anwar Sadat and handed him the reply of Yasser Arafat and the Fatah organization, which has not been revealed un⟦line⟧til now.
However, sources in the delegation said that Yasser Arafat announced to them that he demands Egypt to agree to the establishment of a Palestin⟦line⟧ian state
and to accept United Nations forces and guarantees from the major countries and powers to act as a buffer between Israe⟦line⟧l
and the Palestini⟦line⟧an state.
⟦handwriting⟧
Great
Walid
S S S /

Page 180

Revolutionary Command Council
Presidency of General Intelligence
Directorate of Information and General Records
In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
84
9/16
9/12
Revolutionary Command Council
Presidency of General Intelligence
Number: 10440
Date: 15 / 9 / 1980
Notice D3/ D/ S2
7110
4 / 9 / 1980
To / General Secret Service Directorate
Reference to our notice 6566 on 28 / 8 / 1980
Kindly be informed .. and inform us of the level of confidence
in the source of your intelligence information 18430, 19340 on
18 / 8, 2 / 9 / 1980 ... with appreciation.
<del>⟦signature⟧</del>
pp/ General Director
Mr. M S 2, Respected
Kindly be informed.
After discussion with the Captain, Mr.
M S 2, it was agreed upon
this method. We kindly request
sending the level of confidence in the source
of information .. with appreciation
⟦signature⟧
10/9/80
Directorate M3 Division 2 to act accordingly
Notify M S 2 and the sections of that
⟦signature⟧
9/12
S / 11 / 9
<del>Archived</del>
28

Page 181

In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Revolutionary Command
Council
Presidency of General Intelligence
Directorate of General Secret Service
Iraqi Republic
Notice / Sh2 /: 75 / 20
Date: 8 / 9 / 1980
To / Directorate of Information and General Records
Your notice numbered 6566 on 28 August 80
The source of information is Mr. Walid Abu Zahr.
Please be informed... with appreciation.
⟦signature⟧
On behalf of / Director General of the Secret Service
Direct issues
Mr. Anwar: for follow-up

Page 182

Council of
Revolution Command
Presidency of the General Intelligence
General Secret Service Directorate
In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
7/3
Notification: Sh2 / 1922
Date: 2 / 9 / 1980
To / Directorate of Information and General Records
Pursuant to our notification 18430 on August 18, 80
We attach herewith a copy of the Beirut Station letter 1110 dated August 8, 80 with a copy of our study
regarding Egyptian-Palestinian relations.
Please kindly review ... with appreciation.
Attachments
⟦line⟧
Copy of a letter
Copy of a study
⟦signature⟧
on behalf of / Director General of the Secret Service
Relations
Egyptian-Palestinian

Page 183

⟦In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful⟧
Revolutionary Command Council
General Intelligence Presidency
Directorate of Information and General Records
Notice M3 / D3 / Sh2
28 / 8 / 1980
78
72
Secret
6566
Revolutionary Command Council
General Intelligence Presidency
⟦Incoming⟧
No. 8687
Date 31 / 8 / 1980
To / General Secret Service Directorate
Your notice No. 18430 on 18 / 8.
Please be informed.. and notify us of the degree of reliability of the source
of information.. with appreciation
On behalf of / Director General
Mr. M. Sh. Respected
For your information and to notify us of the source of information
Copy to Abu Taha, please answer him ⟦...⟧
With appreciation
Ali Jassim
4 / 9 / 81
⟦signature⟧
24 / 9

Page 184

In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Iraqi Republic
Council of
Revolutionary Command
Presidency of General Intelligence
Secret
No. / M Kh S A Sh 2 /: ⟦2262⟧
Date: 22 / 3 / 80
To / National Command - Office of the General Secretariat
Subject / Information
Comradely greetings :
Our secret letter 9335 on 17 March 80
We would like to inform your esteemed office of the following information :-
01 That the person named Salim Issa, of Palestinian origin, who holds
Lebanese citizenship, is making contacts with Egyptian Intelligence and cooperating with
American Intelligence.
02 The aforementioned resides in the George V Hotel in Paris and contacts from
there Palestinian figures residing in the West Bank to work
towards the success of the so-called autonomy project.
Please be informed... with appreciation.
And may you remain for the struggle
p.p. / Head of General Intelligence
( 1 - 1 )
Secret
65
WSA
⟦For review and ⟦...⟧⟧
8141

Page 185

Form No. (2)
(A)
General Secret Service Directorate
Directorate ( )
Division ( )
Opinion and Decision
⟦illegible⟧
Competent Director
198 / /
⟦illegible⟧
Division Director
198 / /
⟦illegible⟧
Head of Section
198 / /

Page 186

Form No. (11)
Directorate of General Secret Service
Respectable Mr. Director of the (Second) Division
Subject/ Egyptian-Palestinian Communications
1- Based on the marginal note of the Respectable Assistant Director General of the Secret Service on 6/19
regarding the follow-up of the subject by the Beirut and Cairo stations.
2- The Third Division was written to for follow-up on their part, as well as the station in
Beirut to provide us with updated information.
3- The Beirut station replied with updated information stating the following:-
a- Coordination between the two parties is ongoing; in addition, Sayyid Kamal, one of the Fatah officials,
is still in Egypt and serves as the liaison.
b- Jamal al-Surani, the Fatah official in Tunisia currently,
who previously held the position of the Organization's office head in Egypt, is participating in these communications.
c- Faisal Abu Khadra, who represents Fatah's viewpoint, has been tasked more than once with going to
Egypt to discuss these issues with Egyptian officials.
d- Shafiq, the former head of the Egyptian movement, is making direct contacts
with Fatah officials and meets with them periodically.
e- Abu Ali Pierre, assistant to the head of Fatah security, is currently in Egypt on the basis that
many of the families of Fatah officials still reside in Egypt, including Arafat's sister.
f- Information indicates that the contacts were for the purpose of resettlement, and Arafat informed them
through his delegates that he guarantees them America's approval for resettlement, but Sadat
refused for resettlement to be a substitute for anything useful.
Please be kind enough to review, and your order to forward the information to the gentlemen of the specialized division.
With appreciation
⟦signature⟧
Head of Section A
18 / 8 / 1980

Page 187

64
Council
Revolutionary Command
Presidency of the General Intelligence Service
General Secret Service Directorate
Information / Section 2 / 18420
Date 8 / 8 / 1980
In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
The Republic of Iraq
To / Directorate of Information and General Records
Below is the information available to us regarding the secret Palestinian-
Egyptian contacts, which state the following:-
01 Secret contacts between the Palestinian resistance and Egypt are still ongoing until now and this is
done through a Lebanese merchant named Salim Issa and the organization's representative in Cairo
formerly Said Kamal.
02 These individuals pass whatever information or messages they want to Egyptian officials
through Sayed Marei.
03 The individual named Salim Issa is of Palestinian origin, conducts contacts with Egyptian Intelligence
and cooperates with American Intelligence.
04 The individual named Salim Issa resides in the George V Hotel in Paris and contacts from there
Palestinian figures residing in the West Bank to work on making the so-called
Autonomy Project a success.
Please be informed... with appreciation
⟦signature⟧
On behalf of / Director General of the Secret Service
Copy to /
General M. M. T. / Please be informed... with appreciation.

Page 188

Embassy of the Republic of Iraq
Beirut
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ
BEIRUT
Secret
No.: 811
Date: 8 / 8 / 1980
No.:
Date:
To /: Ministry of Foreign Affairs - General Affairs Division
Subject /: Egyptian-Palestinian Communications
Your letter No. 11193 dated 2 / 7 / 980, we wish to state the following:
01. Coordination between the two parties is ongoing despite the violent media campaigns
exchanged between the two sides. In addition, Saeed Kamal, one of the Fatah officials,
remains in Egypt and is a link between Fatah and the Egyptian regime.
02. Jamal Hourani, the current head of the Fatah organization in Tunisia and former
head of the organization's office in Egypt, is involved in these communications.
03. In addition to Saeed Kamal and Jamal Hourani, Faisal Abu Khadra, who represents
the Fatah organization's viewpoint, has been assigned more than once to travel to Egypt to discuss
a number of issues with Egyptian officials.
04. In Lebanon, Mohsen Khalil, the brother of the former Egyptian Prime Minister, conducts direct communications
with officials in the Fatah organization and meets with them periodically.
05. Currently, Abu Ali Bseiso, assistant to Fatah's security chief Abu Iyad, is present in Egypt on the basis
that many families of <del>⟦illegible⟧</del> Fatah movement officials still reside in Egypt,
including Arafat's family and her children.
06. Information indicates that the Egyptian-Palestinian communications were related to the issue of resettlement.
Arafat informed them through his delegates that he guarantees them the approval of the United States
of America for resettlement in the South, the Jordanian Kingdom, the West Bank, and Gaza, but
Sadat refuses for resettlement to be an alternative to the Camp David Accord because he believes, from his
perspective, that this agreement is the basis for launching any peace with Israel.
07. Please refer to our letter No. 938 dated 24 / 6 / 980.
For your kind perusal. With appreciation.
Director of General Affairs Division
⟦illegible⟧
8 / 8
The Republic of Iraq
Embassy of the Republic of Iraq
Beirut

Page 189

Form No. (11)
General Secret Service Directorate
Mr. Director of the (Second) Department, Respected
Subject/ Secret communications between Egypt and the Palestinian Resistance
1- We have received information stating the following:
2- a- That Salim Issa, of Palestinian origin and holding Lebanese nationality,
conducts communications with Egyptian Intelligence and cooperates with American Intelligence.
b- The aforementioned resides in the George V Hotel in Paris and contacts
Palestinian figures residing in the West Bank from there,
working to ensure the success of the so-called Autonomy.
c- It is said that Salim Issa met with Rifaat al-Assad during the latter's presence
in France.
d- He has a strong relationship with the person named (Adnan Khashoggi).
3- The above information has been circulated to our station in Paris to follow up on the subject
and provide us with detailed information.
4- The Paris station replied as follows:
The above information is confirmed and correct except for paragraph (c) as
his meeting with Rifaat has not been confirmed by us; furthermore, the person named Salim Issa
is suspicious and has suspicious links with American and Egyptian Intelligence.
Please kindly review and order as necessary.
Head of Department / ⟦illegible⟧
2 / 8 / 1980

Page 190

20
In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Revolutionary Command Council
General Intelligence Presidency
Information ⟦S Q 1⟧
⟦29⟧ / 7 / 1980
2055
To / ⟦S Q 2⟧
Your information Q 2 359 on April 20, 980
And following up on our letter numbered 7097 on April 28, 980
Attached herewith is a copy of the Paris station letter numbered
996 on 24 / 7 / 980.
For your kind review --- with appreciation
⟦signature⟧
On behalf of / Director of the Fifth Division

Page 191

Embassy of the Republic of Iraq
Paris
General Affairs Division
PARIS
53, RUE DE LA FAISANDERIE - 75116 PARIS
TEL. 501-51-00
Secret
Number: Q/2/996
Date: 24 / 7 / 1980
TO / Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Special Office / General Affairs Division
Sub / Salim Issa
Your letter 7097 on 28 / 4 / 1980
Your information is confirmed and correct except for paragraph (3) thereof, as we have not confirmed his meeting with Rifaat
Al-Assad during his presence in Paris, noting that the aforementioned is a suspicious element, and has suspicious relations
with American and Egyptian intelligence.
For your kind information, and we will provide you with any new information through our follow-up of him.
.. With appreciation.
⟦signature⟧
Head of General Affairs Division

Page 192

In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Revolutionary Command Council
General Intelligence Presidency
Media G.I. 4 - G / Documents 578
12 / 7 / 1980
To / M. Sh. 2
We attach herewith a copy of all the preliminary documents
regarding the Palestinian-Egyptian contacts.
Please be kind enough to review and note the margin of the
Assistant Director-General of the Secret Service .. with appreciation.
Attachments
A copy of all preliminary documents
Director of the Second Division
Palestinian-Egyptian Contacts
⟦purple mark⟧

Page 193

12
In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Revolutionary Command Council
General Intelligence Presidency
Information M2 / S4 / SH2 / 574
10 / 7 / 1980
To / SH5
Reference your number 2090 on 5 / 7 / 1980. Enclosed is
a copy of the Beirut station letter 802 on 1 / 6 / 1980
with a copy of our study regarding Egyptian-
Palestinian contacts. Note that information has been changed to M2
and followed up by Beirut and Cairo stations. Please
be informed -- with appreciation
Director of the Second Division
Egyptian-Arab Contacts

Page 194

Embassy of the Republic of Iraq
Damascus
⟦line⟧
470
6/12
(( Secret ))
Number /: ⟦359⟧
Date /: 2 / 7 / 1980
To / Ministry of Foreign Affairs / General Affairs Division
Subject / Information
⟦line⟧
Our trusted source 3444, whose reliability is good, has provided us with the following information /-
1. He was able to obtain information that Yasser Arafat is in constant secret contact
with the traitor Sadat and has sent, during the past two weeks, a verbal message
with Dr. Ahmed Sidqi al-Dajani to Sadat, but he was not able to know the contents
of this message. .
2. The matter is under follow-up. .
Please be informed, with appreciation.
⟦signature⟧
Director
General Affairs Division
The Honorable Director of the Follow-up Division
I suggest writing to the station to provide us with the following:
1. How he obtained the information
2. Its main source and information about him
3. The nature of the relationship and what the previous messages were
4. Information about Dr. Dajani
5. If the message was verbal, did he know its contents?
6. If the source had learned about the message because it was verbal ⟦illegible⟧
There is similar information with
⟦illegible⟧ regarding contacts
⟦illegible⟧ ... link and include

Page 195

In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Revolutionary Command Council
General Intelligence Presidency
12
125
7/2
Information M Kh 2 / ⟦ب ص ع⟧ / 525
5 / 7 / 1980
30
Brother / Foreign Ministry
Our notification 1098 on 15 / 5 / 1980
Please inform us what has been done regarding your letter 8561 on
25 / 5 / 1980 to our station in Beirut.
For your kind review and to inform us as quickly as possible, with appreciation
⟦signature⟧
Director of the Second Division
Mr. M. M. Respectfully
For review, and the subject is regarding Egyptian-Palestinian
relations and is being followed up by the Beirut and Cairo stations
Please refer a copy of the Beirut station letter to M Sh - - with appreciation
⟦signature⟧
7 / 7
⟦signature⟧
Ali ⟦...⟧
8 / 7 / 1980

Page 196

⟦illegible⟧
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Private Office
Public Affairs Division
Secret
Number: Sh2 / 1193
Date: 24 / 7 / 1980
To / Embassy of the Iraqi Republic - Beirut - Public Affairs Division
Subject / Egyptian-Palestinian Contacts
Your letter 803 on June 12, 80
Please follow up on the subject and inform us of what arises regarding it.. with appreciation.
Head of Public Affairs Division
(1 - 1)
Secret
//6
⟦illegible⟧

Page 197

And 1
In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Revolutionary Command Council
General Intelligence Presidency
Inform / M.Kh.S.A / Sh. 3 / 4951
Date: June 29, 1980
To / Directorate of Information and General Records
Attached herewith is a copy of the Beirut Station letter 803 dated June 12, 1980
regarding Egyptian-Palestinian relations, along with a copy of our briefing.
Please be kindly informed ... with appreciation.
⟦signature⟧
On behalf of / Director General of the Secret Service
Copy to /
M.Kh.S.A / Sh. 3 / Attached is a copy of the above letter with a copy of our briefing. Please review
and note the margin of the Honorable Assistant Head of Intelligence
and inform us with appreciation.
( 1 - 1 )
6 / 6
On hand

Page 198

Embassy of the Republic of Iraq
Damascus
AMBASSADE DE LA REPUBLIQUE D'IRAK
DAMAS
(( Secret ))
Date: 22 / 6 / 1980
Number: 891
Date:
No.:
To / Ministry of Foreign Affairs / General Affairs Division
Subject / Information
⟦line⟧
Your letter 9796 on 11 / 6 / 1980
1. More than one source confirmed to us the existence of a relationship between the Fatah organization and the traitor Sadat..
2. The person who was the link between the organization and Sadat, whom Nimr Saleh
(Abu Saleh) named in the conference, is the individual called (Said Kamal) ..
3. Said Kamal is the former assistant director of the Fatah organization office in Cairo, who is still there
as a resident and refused to leave Cairo ..
4. Abu Saleh protested at the conference against Said Kamal's continued stay in Cairo .. and accused
the Fatah leadership of asking him to stay for the purpose of creating bridges between Fatah and the Sadat regime.
For your kind review, with appreciation.
Director
General Affairs Division
Respectable Mr. Head of the Division
Please review, then file with the information
and follow up on what was received according to the specialty
With appreciation
Keep with the information at A, please
⟦illegible signature⟧
7 / 7
⟦illegible stamp/signature⟧

Page 199

Embassy of the Republic of Iraq
Beirut
EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ
BEIRUT
Secret
Number: 928
Date: 26 / 6 / 1980
No.:
Date:
To / Ministry of Foreign Affairs - General Affairs Division
Subject / Response
⟦line⟧
Your letter 9796 on 11 / 6 / 1980
We would like to state the following: -
All indicators suggest that there is a relationship between the Fatah organization and the Sadat regime, and it is conducted secretly, but there is no physical evidence. These contacts are divided into three sections, namely: -
a. Through Abu Iyad's family residing in Cairo, whom the aforementioned has not brought over since the severance of Fatah's relationship with the Egyptian regime. His wife previously came to Beirut and returned again.
b. Fathi Arafat's visit on 19 / 11 / 1979 indicates that the visit was to consolidate the relationship with the Egyptian regime. The visit was previously published in Al-Dustour magazine, and we attach herewith the text of the article. During the Fatah conference, Fathi Arafat's visit to Egypt was raised, and in the elections, the aforementioned did not succeed, which indicates that there are relations with the regime.
c. The presence of the PLO representative in Cairo, as the aforementioned is still practicing his work and his relationship with the organization continues.
For your kind review .... with appreciation
Director of the General Affairs Division
⟦illegible⟧
27 June 80
942
6 / 25

Page 200

General Secret Service Directorate
Directorate ( )
Section ( )
Form No. (2)
(B)
Opinion and Decision
To be numbered later