AI English Translation, Pages 351-375
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History of the Arabs
For the Second Intermediate Classes
Islamic History Curricula
General Recommendations:
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Since our glorious revolution aims to prepare a strong, educated generation and good citizens,
therefore, our goal from the Arab and Islamic history curricula aims at the following: -
1 - Pride in the Arab heritage and Islamic glories.
2 - Making students understand that the Arabs had a sovereign and independent political entity.
3 - Informing students that the Arabs had a flourishing civilization before and after Islam.
4 - Explaining to students the great services provided by Islamic civilization to humanity, as well as
explaining its participation in building global civilization.
5 - Emphasizing that Islamic history is a bright page among the histories of the world and that the Islamic
religion was not based on the sword and bloodshed. Rather, Islamic principles
aimed for social justice, easing the burdens of life for the weak, caring
for the poor and needy, and respecting women and granting them their rights. And that Islamic thought is
the pinnacle of religious and civilizational development for the sake of humanity's interest and saving it from slavery
and misguidance.
6 - Providing students with sufficient information about the contribution of Islamic peoples in general to Islamic
history, while clarifying their roles in national movements and resistance to colonialism and harmful
movements.
7 - Providing students with sufficient information about the contribution of the Kurdish people to Islamic
history.
8 - Emphasizing providing students with adequate information about the small homeland, which is
"our Iraqi Republic" and its development in particular, and the large homeland, which is the Arab
homeland in general.
9 - One of our most important goals in teaching history is to instill a national spirit in the students' souls,
develop national unity, stay away from everything that encourages racial and
sectarian division, develop a noble human spirit in their souls, and accustom them to
take pride in their nationality and respect other nationalities.
10 - Making students understand that the global civilization under which humans live today is nothing but
the result of the efforts of all peoples. And that every people has its share in building this civilization,
each according to its capabilities and competencies.
11 - Finally, emphasizing that teachers should make use of external books and read them to learn
about the latest ideas and theories, and to increase their knowledge of history more than the content of the book
authored according to these items.
History of the Arabs
For the Second Intermediate Classes
Part One
A General Overview of the History of the Arabs Before Islam
Chapter One: Geography of the Arabian Peninsula: its borders, its surface, its climate, its regions.
Chapter Two: Inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula: the Qahtanites and the Adnanites.
Chapter Three: Religions of the Arabs before Islam: Paganism, Polytheism, Idols, Judaism,
Christianity.
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Chapter Four: Social Conditions of the Arabs: The Tribe. Social Classes. Customs
and Arab Traditions, the Status of Women. Alliances. Arbitration
Chapter Five: Economic Conditions of the Arabs: Trade. Markets. Trade Routes.
Chapter Six: Political Conditions of the Arabs: A - The Arabs' Relationship with the Persians and Romans
and the Abyssinians
B - The Ancient States of Yemen and Emphasis on the Himyarites' Relationship with the Abyssinians
and the Byzantines
C - The Lakhmids and Ghassanids and Their Relationship with the Persians and Romans
D - Palmyra and Zenobia's Struggle Against Roman Colonialism
Part Two
The Era of the Message
Chapter One: The Life of the Prophet until the Mission
Chapter Two: The Phase of the Call in Mecca: The Phase of Secrecy in the Call and the Phase of Public Proclamation
Chapter Three: The Migration to Abyssinia. Its Reasons
Chapter Four: The Migration to Medina, the Prophet's First Measures in Medina and the Establishment
of the Islamic State, the Conflict Between the Muslims and Quraysh. The Conflict Between the Muslims
and the Jews
Chapter Five: The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, and the Conquest of Mecca
Chapter Six: Islam and Its Various Legislations and Its Impact on the Arabs
Part Three
The Era of the Rashidun
Chapter One: The Rightly Guided Caliphs
Chapter Two: Consolidating the Islamic State During the Caliphate of Abu Bakr and Eliminating the Apostates
Chapter Three: Expanding the State During the Caliphate of Umar and Uthman in the Fertile Crescent, Egypt,
and Persia
Chapter Four: Civil Wars During the Caliphate of Imam Ali
Part Four
The Umayyad State in the Levant
Chapter One: The Phase of Foundation and Building. Its Most Famous Caliphs and Governors: Muawiyah. Abd al-Malik.
Amr. Ziyad, al-Hajjaj
Chapter Two: The Phase of Expansion and Conquests: Its Most Famous Caliphs and Commanders and the Most Famous Countries That Were
Conquered in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Al-Walid. Hisham. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz.
Qutayba. Musa. Tariq ibn Ziyad. Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
Chapter Three: The Extinction of the Umayyad Family and the Rise of the Abbasid Family. The Most Famous Caliphs of This
Era and the Most Important Reasons for the Fall of the Umayyad State (Marwan ibn Muhammad)
Part Five
The Abbasid State
Chapter One: The Abbasid Call in Iraq and Khorasan. Reasons for Its Success
Chapter Two: The Abbasid Eras and the Characteristics of Each Era
Chapter Three: The First Abbasid Era: Its Most Famous Caliphs (Abu al-Abbas, Abu Ja'far. Harun.
al-Ma'mun)
Chapter Four: The Phase of Turkish Dominance. The Turks Replacing the Persians and Their Control Over
Government Affairs and al-Mutawakkil's Attempt to Get Rid of Them. The Building of Samarra
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Chapter Five: The Period of Buyid Control: Weakness of the Caliphate in the Buyid Era.
Separation of some provinces. Islamic civilization reaching its peak in this era.
Chapter Six: Seljuk Influence: Continued weakness of the Caliphate. The Crusades.
Saladin Al-Ayyubi. Nur ad-Din Zangi.
Chapter Seven: The Awakening of the Abbasids and their liberation from foreign influence. The emergence of the Mongols
and their invasion of the Eastern lands.
Chapter Eight: The fall of the Abbasid state in Baghdad and its establishment in Egypt for about three centuries.
The most important anti-Abbasid revolutions.
Part Six
History of the Arabs in Andalusia
Chapter One: The conquest of Andalusia and the reasons that helped the Arabs conquer it.
Chapter Two: Andalusia during the Umayyad Caliphate. Its most famous governors. The conquest of southern France.
Chapter Three: The era of the Umayyad Emirate in Andalusia from the time of Abd al-Rahman I until
the time of Abd al-Rahman III in brief.
Chapter Four: The era of the Umayyad Caliphate in Andalusia from the time of Abd al-Rahman III until
the establishment of the Taifa states in Andalusia.
Chapter Five: The most famous Taifa states in Andalusia. Banu Abbad. Banu al-Ahmar.
Part Seven
Islamic Civilization throughout all ages
Chapter One: The development of the system of government and administration in Islam.
Chapter Two: Social conditions.
Chapter Three: Economic conditions.
Chapter Four: Cultural life.
Chapter Five: Artistic life.
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Modern History Curriculum
for Iraq and the Arab World
for the Third Intermediate Classes
Recommendations to the Author
The curriculum for the book - Modern History of Iraq and the Arab World - constitutes a new direction in
the modern history curriculum for the third grade. The previous curriculum was a lengthy version of the
sixth-grade curriculum and a shortened version of the modern history curriculum for the fifth preparatory grade. The
repetition in the curricula of the three stages led us to limit the new third-grade curriculum to the modern
history of Iraq and the Arab world. Our interest in this new subject was a natural result
of the shortcomings that occurred in previous curricula and the emphasis on modern European political history
and considering the modern history of Iraq and the Arab world as a part of European foreign
policy. Therefore, we recommend the following matters:
1 - Deep historical research to write this scientific history, and this requires individuals who have
sufficient knowledge of the main important historical sources.
2 - Emphasizing the national unity of Iraq and the unity of direction for the Arab world, and this requires
writing this history with a high scientific spirit.
3 - Adopting complete neutrality in analyzing historical events in modern history and international
relations. This leaves room for the teacher and student for discussion in light of the historical
facts provided by the author.
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Part One - Iraq -
Chapter One
Iraq since the fall of the Abbasid State
1 - The Mongol Conquest.
2 - Iraq under Mongol rule (economic, cultural, social,
and political life).
3 - The Turkmen Era.
4 - Persian Control.
Chapter Two
The Ottoman Occupation
1 - The emergence of the Ottomans and the establishment of their state.
2 - The conflict between the Persians and the Ottomans.
3 - The conquest of Baghdad.
4 - The nature of Ottoman rule in Iraq.
5 - The return of Persian control and the Ottoman recovery of Iraq.
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5 - The Mosul problem and Anglo-French relations.
6 - The emergence of British oil concessions in Iraq.
7 - The government's internal policy.
8 - Foreign policy.
Chapter Nine
Iraq 1930 - July 14, 1958
1 - The development of popular political awareness.
2 - National uprisings in Iraq until World War II (1936-1941).
3 - Cultural and social life and the national economy.
4 - The war and its general results on Iraq.
5 - The crystallization of the national movement after the war.
6 - The partisan movement and its role in the crystallization of political awareness.
7 - Popular uprisings and their impact on weakening the government of the defunct era.
A - 1941.
B - 1948.
C - 1952.
D - 1956.
8 - The impact of the Palestine issue and the Arab and international liberation movement on the general situation
in Iraq.
9 - Foreign policy and the Baghdad Pact.
10 - Economic policy - Oil -.
Chapter Ten
The July 14 Revolution
1 - Its causes.
2 - Its results in the field of internal and foreign policy.
Part Two
The Arab World
Chapter One
The Arabian Gulf
1 - Geographical nature.
2 - Importance of the Gulf.
3 - The origin of Western colonialism in the Gulf and its factors.
4 - The development of British colonialism in the Gulf.
5 - The intensification of the international colonial conflict and the emergence of the Baghdad Railway problem and its impact
on the World War.
6 - The political development of the Gulf in the twentieth century.
7 - The importance of oil and its impact on political and social relations.
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Chapter Three
The Role of the Mamluks in Iraq
1 - Origin of the Mamluks.
2 - The nature of Mamluk rule in Iraq.
3 - Dawud Pasha.
4 - Iraq's position in the Ottoman Empire during the Mamluk era.
5 - The reform movement in the Ottoman Empire and its impact on Iraq.
Chapter Four
The Era of Midhat Pasha in Iraq
1 - Political conditions in Iraq at the beginning of Midhat Pasha's governorship.
2 - Midhat Pasha's reforms in Iraq.
3 - Midhat Pasha and the English.
4 - Results of Midhat Pasha's rule.
Chapter Five
Iraq from 1871 to 1914
1 - Penetration of British influence in Iraq. English projects (Euphrates Transport Company
and the beginning of thinking about railway projects).
2 - The Baghdad Railway and colonial conflict.
3 - Iraq and the emergence of the Arab Renaissance.
4 - The tribal and land system until the year 1914.
Chapter Six
The British Occupation of Iraq
1 - Reasons for the British occupation of Iraq.
2 - The course of the occupation.
3 - Iraq under occupation and the nature of military administration in Iraq.
A - Tribal policy.
B - Administrative apparatus.
C - Financial system.
D - Health and culture.
E - Iraq's political future.
Chapter Seven
The Iraqi Revolution of 1920
1 - Factors of the revolution.
2 - Stages of the revolution.
3 - Results of the revolution.
Chapter Eight
The British Mandate in Iraq
1 - Establishment of the monarchy.
2 - The Iraqi people's stance toward this system.
3 - Political awareness in Iraq and the emergence of the party movement.
4 - Relations between the Iraqi government and the British state.
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History of Arab Civilization
For the Fourth Secondary Classes
Part One
Arab Civilization and its Relationship with Foreign Civilizations
Chapter One: The Originality of Arab Civilization.
Chapter Two: The Elements that Constitute Arab Civilization.
Chapter Three: The Relationship of Arab Civilization with Ancient Civilizations in the Fertile Crescent
and with the Sassanid and Byzantine Civilizations.
Part Two
The System of Government in the Islamic State
Chapter One: Introduction to Pre-Islamic Systems of Government.
Chapter Two: The Prophet's Government in Medina.
Chapter Three: The Caliphate in the Era of the Rashidun, Umayyads, Abbasids, Fatimids, and Andalusia
briefly.
Chapter Four: The Vizierate and the Hajaba (Chamberlainship).
Chapter Five: The Diwans (Administrative Departments).
Chapter Six: The Judiciary, the Hisba, the Police.
Chapter Seven: Military Organizations in the East and Andalusia, the Army and the Fleet
(Types of the army. Its weapons. Diwan al-Ardh "Reviews").
Part Three
Chapter One: State Revenues in the Era of the Message and the Rashidun Caliphate. A - Spoils.
B - Zakat, C - Al-Fay'.
Chapter Two: State Revenues in the Umayyad Era.
Chapter Three: State Revenues in the Abbasid Era.
Chapter Four: The Ata' (Grants) and Other Aspects of Expenditure.
Chapter Five: State Revenues in the Umayyad Era in Andalusia.
Part Four
Economic Organizations
Chapter One: Agriculture:
A - Land System.
B - Irrigation System.
C - Agricultural Methods.
D - Agricultural Crops.
Chapter Two: Trade:
A - Arab Reliance on Commercial Markets.
B - Trade Routes and Means of Transport.
C - Trade Centers.
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Chapter Two
Syria
1 - Historical introduction and definition of Greater Syria.
2 - The origin of foreign privileges and their importance in the Ottoman Empire.
3 - Syria's contribution to the Arab movement.
4 - Syria and Lebanon under the French Mandate.
5 - The development of national consciousness.
6 - The Palestinian issue in some detail since the Balfour Declaration.
7 - Jordan and its political development.
Chapter Three
The Arabian Peninsula
1 - A historical and geographical overview.
2 - The importance of the Arabian Peninsula in international and regional relations during the nineteenth century
(The Wahhabi movement).
3 - The political development of the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia and Yemen) in the twentieth century.
4 - Economic importance - Oil -.
5 - Aden and the protectorates.
Chapter Four
Egypt and Sudan
1 - Geographical importance and a historical overview.
2 - Egypt under Ottoman rule.
3 - The Mamluks, the era of Muhammad Ali, and the latter's policy in the Near East.
4 - Economic independence and foreign privileges - The Suez Canal -.
5 - The British occupation of Egypt and the reconquest of Sudan.
6 - Intellectual and political awakening in Egypt and Sudan until the First World War.
7 - National movements in Egypt and Sudan in the interwar period.
8 - The crystallization of the national movement in Egypt and Sudan in the period following the Second World War.
9 - Republican rule in Egypt.
Chapter Five
Arab North Africa
Libya - Tunisia - Algeria - Morocco
1 - An overview of the history of these countries in Arab civilization.
2 - The origin of Western colonialism in North Africa.
3 - The development of the national movement in North Africa.
A - Tunisia.
B - Algeria.
C - Morocco.
D - Libya.
4 - The relationship of these countries to each other and the Arab world and their international importance.
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E - Universities.
F - Houses of knowledge or libraries.
Chapter Eight
Islamic Arts
Section One: Arabic art in the Arabian Peninsula before Islam.
Section Two: Engineering of Islamic cities during the Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid caliphates
and Andalusia.
Section Three: Building cities for military and civilian purposes in different
Islamic eras.
Section Four: Advantages of Islamic art in: A - Mosques. B - Palaces. C - Schools.
Section Five: Decorative arts in brick, wood, marble, and copper.
Section Six: The impact of Islamic arts on European arts.
Chapter Nine
The impact of Arab civilization on European civilization
Section One: Methods of transferring Arab civilization to Europe: A - Andalusia. B - Sicily.
C - The Crusades.
Section Two: The impact of Arab civilization in Andalusia on Europe.
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D - Exports and Imports.
E - The Monetary System.
Chapter Three: Industry:
A - Industry in the early days of Islam.
B - The development of industries in the Islamic eras.
C - Industrial centers.
D - Guilds: Syndicates.
Part Five
Social Systems
Chapter One: Characteristics of Islamic society in the era of the Prophet, the Rightly Guided Caliphs, the Umayyads,
the Abbasids, and Andalusia.
Chapter Two: Components of Islamic society in the East: A - Arabs, B - Mawali (Clients),
C - Slaves, D - Dhimmis, E - Women. And in Andalusia: A - Arabs,
B - Berbers, C - Saqaliba (Slavs), D - Dhimmis, E - Mudejars.
Chapter Three: Holidays and Seasons.
Chapter Four: Bimaristans (Hospitals) and Ribats.
Chapter Five: General Etiquette in Islamic society in the East and Andalusia.
Chapter Six: Standard of living, A - Housing, B - Clothing, C - Food,
D - Rations and Salaries.
Chapter Seven: Games.
Part Six
The Intellectual Movement in Islam
Chapter One:
A - Introduction to the intellectual movement in the Pre-Islamic era.
B - The Quran, its collection, its interpretation, the most famous commentators.
C - Hadith, the method of its collection, and the Sahih books.
D - Jurisprudence. Its development, the School of Opinion and the School of Hadith.
Chapter Two: Translation in different Islamic eras.
Chapter Three: Secular Sciences: A - Social Sciences (History and Geography).
B - Medicine. C - Chemistry. D - Mathematics. E - Philosophy.
Chapter Four: The impact of Islamic sciences on Europe.
Part Seven
Education in Islam
Chapter One: Objectives of education in Islam.
Chapter Two: Places of education:
A - Kuttab (Elementary schools).
B - The Mosque.
C - Houses of Quran and Hadith.
D - Schools.
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Modern History Curriculum
For the Fifth Grade
Recommendations to the Author
The book - Modern History - for the fifth grade constitutes a brief picture of modern international history. In setting the requirements for this curriculum, we have emphasized the modern history of the Middle East, whereas this curriculum previously emphasized the modern history of Europe and Europe's political relations with the rest of the world, including our country Iraq and our Arab world.
The curriculum in the author's hands is characterized by being a comprehensive collection of modern international history, with an emphasis on the Middle East, of which Iraq and our Arab world form an important part, and the extreme importance of the intellectual, scientific, and industrial movements that confronted the modern world.
We recommend the following matters:
1 - Deep historical research for writing this scientific history, and this requires the presence of individuals who have sufficient knowledge of important and primary historical sources.
2 - Emphasizing the national unity of Iraq and the unity of direction in the Arab world, and this requires writing this history with a high scientific spirit.
3 - Adopting complete neutrality in analyzing historical events in modern history and international relations, and this can only be achieved by leaving room for the teacher and student to discuss in light of the historical facts presented by the author.
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Chapter One
The French Revolution
Introduction to the meaning of revolution and its types:
1 - Causes of the revolution:
A - Intellectual factors.
B - Social factors.
C - Economic and financial factors.
D - Political factors, and the influence of the American Revolution.
E - The financial crisis and the meeting of the Estates-General.
2 - Events of the revolution and its development:
A - The National Assembly. Its actions.
B - The Legislative Assembly. Its actions and the position of European countries.
C - The National Convention.
D - The setback of the revolution - The Directory government.
3 - Importance of the French Revolution:
1 - Its importance inside France:
A - Changing the system of government.
B - Social development.
C - Its importance from an intellectual perspective.
D - Its importance from an economic perspective or new production relations.
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2 - Impact of the French Revolution:
A - Regarding Europe. National awakening.
B - Regarding outside Europe:
1 - Regarding the Middle East.
2 - Regarding the Far East.
Chapter Two
The Era of Napoleon
1 - Circumstances paving the way for the emergence of Napoleon.
2 - General conditions in France during his rule.
3 - Military effort in his era, his alliances, and their impact on Europe.
4 - The Congress of Vienna and its importance in international diplomacy.
Chapter Three
The Industrial Revolution
Introduction. The nature of the Industrial Revolution.
1 - The beginning and emergence of the Industrial Revolution in Europe.
2 - Inventions and the factory system.
3 - Relationship of the Industrial Revolution to the agricultural and commercial revolutions.
4 - Results of the Industrial Revolution.
A - Social results. Emergence of new social classes.
B - Political results. Modern colonialism.
C - Economic results.
D - Scientific results.
E - Its impact on the emergence and growth of the socialist movement and labor unions.
Chapter Four
Nationalist Movements and Democratic Development
1 - Introduction to the meaning of nationalism and democracy.
2 - Impact of the French and Industrial Revolutions on the emergence of nationalism.
3 - A brief look at the development of the constitutional movement in England and Europe.
Chapter Five
The New World
Independence Movements:
A - In the United States and the rest of the American states in general.
B - Introduction to the American Revolution.
1 - Its causes and results.
2 - Economic development in North America and the Civil War.
3 - Development of the constitutional movement in America.
Chapter Six
Colonialism in the Near East and the Ottoman Empire
1 - The meaning of colonialism.
2 - Factors of its emergence.
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3 - The colonial state and its colonies.
4 - The origin of colonial influence.
5 - Modern colonialism began in the Near East.
6 - The Near East and modern colonialism in the first half of the nineteenth century
(The Ottoman Empire, Persia, Afghanistan, India, the Arabian Gulf, Egypt).
7 - The Near East and modern colonialism in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Chapter Seven
World War I
1 - Its causes.
2 - War events in brief.
3 - Results of World War I.
4 - The Peace Conference in Paris.
Chapter Eight
Russia
1 - Russia in the Tsarist era.
2 - The war and the October Revolution of 1917.
3 - The establishment of socialist rule in Russia.
Chapter Nine
The Arab Liberation Movement
1 - Causes of the Arab Renaissance.
A - Intellectual factors.
B - Religious factors.
C - The emergence of secret societies.
2 - The Arab position on World War I.
A - The position of Arab nationalists (secret societies and Arab thinkers).
B - The position of Arab rulers.
3 - Results of the revolution and the Allies' position on the Arab cause.
4 - The division of the Arab world.
5 - The Arab world in the interwar period (Iraq, Syria and Lebanon, Palestine,
Jordan, the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, North Africa).
Chapter Ten
World War II
Its causes.
Chapter Eleven
The Arab World after World War II
1 - The impact of the war on the general situation in Iraq and the Arab world.
2 - Liberation movements in the Arab world.
A - Iraq.
B - Egypt and Sudan.
C - Syria and Lebanon.
D - North Africa.
E - Jordan and Palestine.
F - The Peninsula, Yemen, and the Arabian Gulf.
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Geography
General Guidelines
The nature of geographical studies today differs from what it was in the past, as it
was merely an interest in place names and the treatment of physical facts. The study of
geography at that time became linked to the study of the surface and climatic elements and the interpretation of human activity in
light of these facts. The idea became widespread that these facts are geographical factors unique to
geography in its study, unlike other sciences.
Geography today is concerned with studying the distribution of various phenomena on the Earth's surface
(plant, animal, human, and physical). It attempts to analyze the links that combine
several factors in a specific place so as to give that place a general character that distinguishes it from others.
The geographer, therefore, emphasizes the factor of place and the variation or similarity of phenomena on the Earth's surface,
using the map as a tool to demonstrate this.
In the early years of primary school, it is preferable for the teacher to draw the student's attention
to observing the human activity they encounter on their way to and from school, represented by
the various crafts practiced by people. Also, alerting the student during school trips to
different surface features and attempting to describe them to introduce them, without attempting to delve deeply into explaining
how they were formed. This can be reinforced in the students' minds by assigning them to draw a simplified map
showing some of their observations (the location of the classroom relative to the school, the location of the school
relative to the neighborhood, and so on...).
As for the fifth and sixth primary grades, it is preferable for the teacher to focus on teaching
regional geography regarding Iraq or other countries by emphasizing the descriptive aspect
in showing the difference or similarity of features, while mentioning one or two factors that have a clear relationship in explaining
the phenomenon under discussion (the difference in wheat cultivation in Iraq and its relationship to the amount of
rainfall and soil suitability, for example).
As for the intermediate and secondary school stages, the teacher is guided by the general philosophy
of the subject with a gradual expansion in description and facts related to a specific phenomenon according
to the students' levels in their various educational stages.
First Grade of Intermediate Study
Principles of General Geography
Part One:
1 - Time Difference: Touching upon the phenomenon of night and day and the difference in the exposure of parts
of the Earth to sunlight and the resulting difference in time, and dividing the Earth's circumference into
degrees, which are degrees of longitude, to know the difference in time between different parts of
the Earth.
2 - Climatic Elements: Temperature, winds, rain, and other secondary factors.
Reference to the many influences that work to affect these elements and lead
consequently to the diversity of climate.
3 - Types of Terrain: A simple reference to the types of scales used to differentiate
between types of terrain, such as sea level, successive
terrain... etc. Then differentiating between the main types of terrain: mountains,
plateaus, plains.
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Chapter Two:
Regional Geography
An introduction pointing to the existence of differences in geographical, physical, human,
plant, and animal phenomena between parts of the world, and that the study of geography aims to attempt to find
the factors of this variation and study its manifestations.
1 - The Continent of North America: An overview of the continent's location relative to other continents,
as well as a reference to its status in terms of area and population relative to
the rest of the continents.
A - The United States of America: Diversity of terrain, climate, and natural vegetation in
the continent. Agricultural progress and its relationship to physical and human conditions.
Minerals and their impact on the industrial progress of the country.
B - Canada: The natural environment in Canada: A brief explanation of the diversity of terrain, climate,
and natural vegetation. Agricultural and industrial progress in the country and the impact of physical
and human conditions on that.
2 - The Continent of South America: An introduction to the continent's location relative to other continents.
The status of the continent in terms of area and population relative to other continents.
A - Brazil: Natural conditions in Brazil: Diversity of terrain, climate, and natural
vegetation. Reference is made to the vastness of the country and the presence of equatorial regions in it, then the impact
of that on the extent of the country's progress and general population activity. Reference to the most important
crops with special care given to the status of coffee in general agriculture.
B - Argentina: An overview of the natural conditions in the country, and the impact of that on the progress of
agriculture and the profession of grazing in the country (emphasizing in particular the importance of the
Pampas plains). Argentina's position among the countries producing grains and animal
products and exporting them to European countries.
3 - The Continent of Australia: An introduction to the continent's location, discovery, and settlement. An overview of
the diversity in terrain and climate conditions and the impact of that on the distribution of natural vegetation. The impact of
natural conditions on population distribution (emphasizing the concentration of population in the south of the continent
and their scarcity in the central and northern sections).
The importance of agricultural and animal production in the continent in general.
Second Grade
Geography of the Arab Homeland and Foreign Countries
Chapter One - Arab Countries
First:
The Arab homeland in terms of its extension across the continents of Asia and Africa, the importance of its location, and the geographical
and human links between the countries of the Arab homeland: geographical connectivity, similarity in climate
and vegetation, unity of race and language, cultural and social links, historical links,
economic integration, and shared political interests.
Second:
Arab Asia:
A - A brief study of the development of its political conditions.
B - A study of its natural conditions in terms of terrain, climate, and natural vegetation (emphasizing
highlighting the factors of natural interconnectedness between them).
C - The political units in Arab Asia are studied, including the Syrian region,
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Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, the Gulf Emirates, and Yemen (except
Iraq, which will be studied in the third year) in terms of economic life
(agriculture, industry, and animal production) and human conditions (population density,
occupations, and the most important centers of residence and transportation).
Third: The Continent of Africa
1 - A general overview of the continent of Africa in terms of surface, climate, and vegetation, and its relationship with the continents of
Asia and Europe.
2 - Arab Africa: It includes the following political units: the Egyptian region of
the United Arab Republic, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and the Kingdom of
Morocco.
A - Studying the natural conditions of Arab Africa in terms of surface, climate,
and natural vegetation (emphasizing the highlighting of natural interconnection factors between them).
B - A brief overview of the development of the political conditions of these countries in general.
C - The aforementioned political units are studied in terms of economic life
(agriculture, animal production, and industry) and human conditions (population
density, distribution, occupations, and the most important centers of residence).
Part Two - Foreign Countries
First: Asia
An introduction to the continent's location and its relationship with other continents. A general overview of the vastness of
the continent and the variation in surface, climate, and natural vegetation.
1 - The following political units are studied (Turkey, Iran, the Indian subcontinent,
Japan, People's China, and Indonesia) so that the study of each covers the following
points: -
A - A general overview of the diversity of surface and climate.
B - The impact of this on human activity (agriculture, animal production, and industry).
C - Population distribution and centers of residence.
D - An overview of the development of political conditions.
E - An overview of geographical relations with Arab countries.
Second - The Continent of Europe:
1 - An overview of the diversity of surface, climate, and natural plants.
2 - Studying the following countries of Europe individually in terms of the diversity of their natural conditions
and its impact on economic activity (agriculture, animal production, industry, and trade),
as well as studying the human conditions in the following countries in terms of population distribution, occupations,
and important centers of residence.
Countries:
A - Russia - when studying it, it is noted that it is a part of the Soviet Union located in Europe,
and that it is, in natural terms, a model for the Eastern European region.
B - The British Isles: when studying them, it is noted that they represent the Western European region.
C - Germany: it is noted that it represents the Central European region.
D - Sweden: it is noted that it represents the Northern European region.
E - Italy: it is noted that it represents the Southern European region.
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Third Grade
Introduction:
1 - The study of the geography of Iraq requires sufficient detail to provide the Iraqi student
with adequate and clear information about his country so that he understands its various problems resulting from
geographical influence.
2 - Therefore, it has become important to treat various geographical aspects of Iraq, especially the
physical, economic, and human aspects in a way that gives a clear picture of Iraq to the Iraqi
student.
3 - However, detail in the study of Iraq's geography does not mean burdening the student with memorizing
dull information of little use about his country, such as the names of mountains and cities and figures for agricultural
and industrial products and purely scientific details for which he may find no practical manifestation, but
rather attention should be directed through the study of Iraq's geography to presenting its various
economic, social, and human problems to provide the student with a clear concept of
those problems.
Part One: Physical Geography
Chapter One: Political Formation and Location:
The origin of the name Iraq. A quick presentation of the historical conditions that Iraq passed through
as a political unit.
Geographical location: A - In relation to the continent that includes Iraq. B - In relation
to neighboring countries. C - In relation to lines of longitude and latitude. D - In relation to the three
ancient continents. E - Defining Iraq (its borders).
Chapter Two: Surface: A - The Alluvial Plain. B - The Desert Plateau.
C - The Mountainous and Semi-Mountainous Region. The importance of diversity in Iraq's surface.
Chapter Three: Natural Environments in Iraq:
A - The Plain Environment: Divisions of the Alluvial Plain.
B - The Desert Plateau Environment: The edges of the plateau, the Jazira plateau. The valleys.
C - The Mountainous Region Environment: 1 - The low mountain region. 2 - The high mountain region.
3 - The semi-mountainous region.
Chapter Four: Climate
Factors affecting the climate of Iraq, its climate characteristics, and its effects on human
activity.
Chapter Five - Natural Vegetation:
Characteristics of natural vegetation in Iraq, natural vegetation regions in Iraq.
Chapter Six - Water Resources:
1 - Sources of various water resources in Iraq and how to benefit from them in different
regions.
2 - Surface water: The Mesopotamian Basin:
The Euphrates River: its source, its course, its tributaries, its branches, its mouth.
The Tigris River: its source, its course, its tributaries, its branches, its mouth.
Shatt al-Arab (emphasizing important points without paying attention to details).
Marshes and swamps.
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Part Two - Economic Geography
Chapter Seven - Agriculture.
The importance of agriculture for Iraq.
Characteristics of agriculture in Iraq and the reasons for its delay.
Agricultural regions in Iraq.
Agricultural crops: A - Grains: Wheat, barley, rice, millet, corn.
B - Commercial crops: Cotton, tobacco, flax. C - Fruits and produce: Citrus
fruits, peaches, plums, pears, apples... etc. D - Dates: Date
industries.
Chapter Eight: Irrigation and Water Control:
Irrigation conditions in Iraq, the damages caused by poor water control.
River flooding in Iraq and its causes.
The irrigation control system in Iraq.
Completed, proposed, and under-construction irrigation projects.
The importance of water control.
Chapter Nine - Livestock Wealth: -
The importance of livestock wealth in Iraq.
Types of animals found in Iraq: Sheep, goats, cows, buffalo,
transport and riding animals, poultry, fish.
Means of advancing animal production.
Chapter Ten - Mineral Wealth:
The importance of mineral wealth in Iraq.
Iraq's minerals: Oil and its importance, its locations, the companies that
extract it, Iraq's share of oil profits and its importance in Iraq's budget. Bitumen,
salt, limestone, sulfur, some metallic minerals.
Chapter Eleven: Industry in Iraq.
Factors helping the development of industry and their application to Iraq: A - Availability of raw
materials. B - Availability of fuel. C - Availability of capital. D - Availability of markets.
E - Availability of labor.
Means of advancing industry: A - Customs protection. B - Financial aid.
C - Raising the level of industrial expertise. D - Expanding the transportation network. E - Attention
to labor affairs.
Types of industries in Iraq: (1) - Industries based on agricultural crops:
A - Textile industry. B - Vegetable oil industry. C - Sugar industry.
D - Alcohol and spirits industry. E - Cigarette industry. F - Industries
based on dates.
(2) - Industries based on minerals: A - Aluminum tool industry. B - Copper
tool industry. C - Metal industry based on iron and steel. D - Jewelry
industry.
(3) - Other industries: A - Oil industry. B - Cement industry. C - Dairy
product industry. D - Leather industries.
Handicrafts, their types and importance. New projects to serve the industry.
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Chapter Twelve: Trade:
The importance of domestic and foreign trade for the country.
Iraq's foreign trade in Iraq's exports: A - Oil. B - Grains.
C - Dates. D - Animal products. E - Other exports.
Iraq's imports: A - Productive goods. B - Consumer goods. C - Luxury
goods. D - Miscellaneous goods.
Transit trade and its importance for Iraq (Transit).
Countries that Iraq trades with.
An overview of Iraq's foreign trade: Trade balance, trade problems
foreign trade in Iraq (transportation costs and difficulty of communications, difficulty of storage and packaging,
market problems).
Current trade policy of Iraq.
Chapter Thirteen - Communications:
The importance of communication routes in the progress of the country.
Types of communications in Iraq:
1 - Land communication routes: A - Railways and their types. B - Car roads
and their types in Iraq.
2 - River routes: Their characteristics, methods of improvement, and utilization.
Basra Port and its importance.
3 - Air routes:
Part Three - Human Conditions
Chapter Fourteen: Population Settlement and Distribution
Population settlement in Iraq and the factors affecting it: A - Population settlement in the plain
central and southern. B - Population settlement in the mountainous and semi-mountainous region.
E - Population settlement in the marshes and swamps area. D - Population settlement in the area
of the deserts.
Population distribution and density: Factors affecting the distribution of density in Iraq. Examples
from the provinces, Iraq and its cities.
Population growth: Factors affecting population growth in Iraq.
(The feudal system, economic backwardness, health delay). Birth rate
and deaths and their significance.
Chapter Fifteen: Economic and Social Composition of the Population
Types of population in Iraq:
1 - Urban population: Description of social and economic conditions and living patterns.
2 - Rural population (Agriculturalists). Description of social and economic conditions
and living patterns.
3 - Bedouins: Description of social and economic conditions and living patterns.
Chapter Sixteen - Population Elements:
1 - Arabs: Their origin, their spread, and their current distribution in Iraq.
2 - Kurds: Their origin, their current distribution in Iraq.
Political, social, and economic ties between Arabs and Kurds.
3 - Turkmen.
4 - Sabeans.
5 - Chaldeans.
6 - Assyrians.
7 - Other sects.
Fourth Grade Literary
Physical Geography
1 - The Earth as part of the solar system:
In this part, the shape of the Earth and its location in the solar system are noted, as well as the impact of this location and shape on the difference in time (day and night and the four seasons).
2 - Distribution of water and land on the surface of the globe:
It emphasizes the impact of this distribution on the economic orientation of human groups regarding their concentration in one of these two distributions.
3 - The Earth's crust: It includes
A - Types of rocks forming the Earth's crust.
1 - Igneous rocks 2 - Sedimentary rocks 3 - Metamorphic rocks.
4 - Factors affecting the Earth's crust:
A - External factors: atmosphere - winds - running water - glaciers - seas.
The impact of these factors on some human and economic phenomena is noted, such as soil erosion and its impact on land fertility.
B - Internal factors - earthquakes - volcanoes - geysers.
The negative and positive economic importance of these factors is shown here, such as the importance of hot geysers and benefiting from them in healing some diseases.
The importance of volcanoes in the process of destruction and the damage resulting from that.
5 - Topography and its types:
A - Different scales in determining types of topography.
B - Mountains - their types - sources of wealth and human activity in them.
C - Plateaus - their types - sources of wealth and human activity in them.
D - Plains - their types - sources of wealth and human activity in them.
E - Valleys - their types - sources of wealth and human activity in them.
7 - Principles of climate:
A - Elements of climate - temperature - atmospheric pressure - wind - humidity and condensation.
B - A brief overview of the different types of scales - used to determine the impact of each of these elements on the general state of climate and weather.
C - Factors affecting these elements.
D - The impact of these elements - and climate in general - on human and economic activity.
8 - Foundations of plant geography:
A - Factors affecting the growth of natural plants.
B - The general distribution of natural plants and its relationship to activities and the prevailing economic character in the region.
C - A model of some plants and plant regions in the world.
Fifth Grade Literary and Commercial
Economic Geography
1 - Introduction - examines the general concept of geography - branches of geography and economic geography - definition of economic geography, the relationship of economic geography to the natural environment.
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Chapter One - The Population Problem and Their Various Occupations:
A - The Population Problem: Variation in land distribution in terms of per capita share, and the
inequality in the distribution of natural wealth and its productive capacity with illustrative examples.
Population theories. Pessimistic and optimistic theories. Briefly explained. The theory of
(Malthus) and (Sadler).
B - The various occupations practiced by the population in the world to earn a living: gathering, hunting,
grazing, logging, agriculture, industry, trade and communications - a complete definition of each
occupation and its general foundations are discussed without mentioning details.
Chapter Two - Agricultural Production:
A - Introduction - Discusses the factors affecting agricultural production, natural factors,
cultural, and biological.
B - Foodstuffs and raw materials used in industry.
1 - Grains: Wheat, barley, rice, corn; the general foundations of their cultivation are treated in
light of what was stated in paragraph (A) with an explanation of the most important producing regions and their international trade.
2 - Fruits and vegetables: Citrus fruits, apples, peaches, bananas, pineapples,
dates, vegetables in general.
3 - Animal products: Meat, dairy and its products, hides, wool; the
general conditions surrounding their production, the geographical distribution of the most important production areas,
and their international trade are discussed.
C - Raw materials:
Cotton, rubber, sugar, flax, silk, oilseeds, stimulants; treated
as in the previous topics.
Note: In each of the topics mentioned in paragraphs (A), (B), and (C), reference is made
to what is grown in Iraq - production conditions - and the most important production areas.
Chapter Three - Mineral Production:
A - Minerals - their general importance, iron, copper, aluminum, minerals used
in the steel alloy industry. Attention to mining conditions and the geographical distribution of the most
important production areas in the world without paying attention to the technical aspect related to industry
or its preparation.
B - Fuel and Power - Coal and petroleum, natural gas, water power.
Discussed in the same way with an explanation of the importance of each in our current civilization.
C - Industry - Factors affecting the establishment of industry - the most important industrial regions in the world,
discussed briefly.
Trade and Transportation Routes:
Factors leading to the establishment of trade, the most important commercial regions in the world and the nature of the factors
leading to the establishment of trade, the most important commercial regions in the world and the nature of the commodities exported
and imported from each of them.
Transportation of all kinds: maritime, land, and air, with the most important sea routes,
canals and some important ports, a brief reference to land and air routes.
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National Education Curriculum Vocabulary
For Intermediate and Secondary Studies
Guidelines for Teachers
Goals and Objectives:
The goals of social studies are the goals of education in general, which is preparing students for life, i.e., developing cooperative citizens who feel their responsibilities, realize their rights and duties, and perform them in the fullest manner.
National and social education subjects are the primary subjects that have an effective and direct impact on the formation of this good citizen, loyal to his country, his nation, and to all of humanity, aware of his problems and the problems of his society, and capable of following the scientific method and correct thinking in analyzing and solving them.
Means:
The point in teaching national and social education is not the amount of information provided by the teacher and memorized by the student; rather, the point is the extent of the impact these studies leave on the student's soul, the useful skills they learn, and the good habits, noble emotions, moral values, and faith in their nation's right to life and contribution to building human civilization they are trained in. Therefore, the teaching method - as a means - plays an important role in achieving these desired goals.
The following are some suggestions and means that help the teacher achieve these goals:
First - Since most of the topics proposed for teaching raise different points of view, it is advisable for the teacher to adhere to the scientific method and an objective, neutral outlook.
Second - The necessity of making the teaching method broad and flexible; therefore, it is advisable to avoid excessive use of the lecture and recitation method and not to limit or rely entirely on the prescribed textbook. Instead, we call upon teachers to:
A - Increase the use of the social discussion method and make students engage in comparison, interpretation, and constructive criticism based on the facts and information available regarding the subject under discussion.
B - Pay attention to the actual contribution of students and make them the center of teaching activities.
C - Link the lessons and topics taught in class to practical life through school trips and scientific visits to social institutions such as factories, farms... and others.
D - Encourage students to write scientific reports - individual and collective - about the curriculum topics.
E - Encourage students to issue school newsletters related to the lesson topics and create illustrations and graphs.
F - Utilize various sources and references related to the subject and attempt to establish a library in the school.
G - Benefit from radio, television, and press programs.
Finally, we would like to point out that achieving these goals and applying these aforementioned means depends fundamentally, if not entirely, on the teacher's wisdom, alertness, scientific integrity, and the intellectual freedom they enjoy, as well as on the objective factors and school equipment that assist in teaching.
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National Education
(First Intermediate Grade)
1 - Chapter One - The Student in his Family:
A - What is the family? Family members: mother, father, children, grandfather, uncles, the rest of the members.
B - The role of each member in the family: the head of the family, the housewife, the role of the student in the family and his duties, the cooperation that must prevail among members of the same family, the qualities and advantages of a cooperative family, synergy and equality in treatment among family members.
C - The bonds between members of the same family: the bond of marriage, the bond of kinship, the bond of inheritance, the bond of common interests.
D - The major bonds that bring families together: the bond of neighborhood, the bond of kinship, the bond of citizenship and nationalism, the human bond.
E - The most important family problems: low income, work, and unemployment "a case study of some low-income families based on statistical comparisons and the impact of this on society." Disability and old age, illness, problems of motherhood and childhood, problems of marriage and divorce, weak harmony between children and parents, the housing problem, insurance and guarantee against emergencies.
F - Practical means to raise the level of the family and solve its problems: the role of government and private institutions and what are those institutions that take charge of child protection. Social services and their impact on solving these problems. Health services, cultural services, financial services and aid, combating unemployment, disease, and homelessness.
2 - Chapter Two - The Student in School:
Introduction to the importance of the school and the reason for its establishment.
A - The school family and the duties of its members: the principal, the teacher, the student.
B - The bonds that unite students in school: cultural bonds, fellowship, joint work, citizenship.
C - School etiquette and its importance in preparing the student for social life, the school library, cultural, artistic, and scientific committees - music, drawing, acting, singing, trips, various hobbies.
Note:
It is advisable to form such committees in every school under the supervision of the supervising teachers, provided that the national education teacher participates with them.
D - Student problems in school with finding solutions: school backwardness, its causes and treatment, problems of reading, preparation, and exams, illness, poverty, theft, cheating, lying, selfishness, love of appearance, and exaggeration.
"The teacher asks his students about their most important problems in school to search for their causes, results, and solutions as a prelude to entering into the most important problems faced by students."
E - Means of advancing the school and addressing the aforementioned problems: increasing artistic, cooperative, sports, and scientific associations... etc. Student associations - their scientific and social role inside and outside the school, the parent-teacher association, working to establish it and discussing its importance and the services it provides. School administrations seeking the assistance of students' guardians in guiding students.
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3 - Chapter Three - The Student in His Local Environment:
A - Social ties between the student and the people of the neighborhood.
The most important ties: the tie of neighborhood, the tie of common interests. Problems that
the neighborhood faces collectively. Cleanliness of the neighborhood, security, peace and tranquility,
preserving public facilities, gardens and libraries, public health, common
emergencies: fire, drowning, theft. Public facilities in the local environment
and their social impact. Places of worship, public parks, clubs, associations,
libraries.
B - Means of advancing the local environment.
The role of government and private institutions.
The role of the student in the means he provides to advance his local environment, assigning
the student tasks and duties whose results lead to the advancement of the local environment socially,
economically and culturally.
4 - Chapter Four - The Student in His Homeland:
A - The homeland and its favor upon the citizens.
B - Ties between citizens.
1 - Common culture.
2 - Common interests.
3 - Existing systems. Equal duties and rights.
4 - Common national and ethnic hopes.
C - How a citizen acquires the right of citizenship, citizens' rights and duties (equality
between citizens).
C - Qualities and advantages of a good citizen.
(Second Intermediate Grade)
1 - Chapter One - The Student in Iraqi Society:
Society and its nature:
Social relations. How social relations are formed - How society is formed -
Elements of society formation - Society and individual behavior.
Iraqi society:
Of whom it is composed "Emphasis that citizens in all parts of Iraq, despite the diversity of their crafts
and the multiplicity of their sects and ethnicities, are cooperative units in building the entity of Iraqi society."
The role provided by each group of all people of crafts and industries in the service of this
homeland and the welfare of society.
Moral rules and values that must prevail in society - Justice and equality among
society, order and obedience to laws - Unity, solidarity and work.
Elements of strength and weakness in Iraqi society.
2 - Chapter Two - The State and its Impact on a Dignified Social Life:
What is the state? And what are the elements that make up the entity of the state?
The importance of state sovereignty and independence to ensure a dignified social life.
The state's duties towards security and defense, and combating illiteracy, ignorance, disease and poverty.
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and unemployment, protecting people's rights and freedoms, and guaranteeing them against disability and other
emergencies.
Rights of the state over citizens:
Obedience to the system and laws. Cooperation, paying taxes, caring for public institutions,
military service.
State institutions for community service:
A - Government institutions: municipalities, ministries, semi-official associations,
such as the Dates Association, chambers of commerce and agriculture, the aviation association, and the passenger
transport service. Some social services provided by these institutions.
Health, financial, educational, recreational, and preventive services.
B - Private institutions and their impact on community service.
Associations, unions, parties, and the services they provide.
(Third Intermediate Grade)
Part One - The State System:
1 - The nation, the state, and types of states.
2 - Political systems (governance systems) in social life:
A - The democratic system:
1 - The foundations on which the democratic system is based:
A - Freedom: What is meant by freedom and how do people exercise their freedoms in
opinion, belief, publishing, assembly, work, and forming associations
and within what limits.
B - Equality: What is meant by equality. Equality among citizens before
the law, the judiciary, jobs, work, duties, and equal
opportunities.
C - Sovereignty of the people and how the people can exercise the right
of sovereignty and defend their rights.
2 - The three powers (a brief overview of the importance of these powers with emphasis
on: (1) the importance of the legislative authority in ensuring the sovereignty of the people and strengthening
democratic rule. (2) the importance of elections in strengthening parliamentary life
and the correct foundations on which they are based).
3 - The importance of the democratic system in social life.
Note: Articles of the Iraqi Constitution are cited when talking about the foundations
on which the democratic system is based.
B - The dictatorial system: its foundations, examples of it, and its danger to the structure of society.
Part Two - Major issues of concern to the Iraqi citizen:
1 - Nationalism: What is meant by nationalism, nationalities in Iraq and the protection of their rights within Iraqi
unity.
2 - Iraq and Arab nationalism: Iraq is part of the Arab nation.
3 - Major Arab problems: colonialism and Zionism.
4 - Iraq's role in defending Arab issues.
5 - The League of Arab States and its position towards Arab issues.