AI en Translation, Pages 476-500
Page 476
( 12 )
THE ABBASID CITIES .
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BAGHDAD .
It was in 762 that the second Abbasid caliph
al-Mansur undertook the construction of his new capital,
Baghdad , surrounded by three concentric enclosures . In the center
stood the caliph's palace .
In 1258 the Mongols invaded Mesopotamia . The family
of the caliph was exterminated, the population massacred and the city
burned .
Baghdad was ruined again by a Turkish sultan : Timur-
Lenk in 1400 . It was again captured and sacked by another
sultan : Murat .
Baghdad is currently the capital of the Republic
of Iraq . The city stretches for about twenty kilometers
mostly along the left bank of the Tigris . It has
almost a million inhabitants .
Basra :
This city was founded during the reign of the caliph
Omar in 638 on the right bank of the Shatt-al-Arab , shortly after
the conquest of Mesopotamia by the Arabs .
In 658 , Ali , son-in-law of Muhammad, won a
victory over the party responsible for the assassination of the caliph
Uthman . The combat known as the Battle of the Camels
took place at the gates of the city .
Basra has not preserved any of the monuments that made
its fame during the time of the Abbasid caliphs .
Basra remains the gateway to Iraq . It is a major maritime
port , thanks to the wide estuary formed by the Shatt-al-Arab .
Samarra :
In 637 Samarra was a small Christian village
built on the Tigris .
In 836 the caliph al-Mu'tasim , son of Harun al-
Rashid , left Baghdad and established his caliphate there . He
had a royal residence built, a mosque, the Friday
Mosque , with a helical minaret , and a monumental
avenue .
As early as 892 the caliphate returned to Baghdad and Samarra immediately
lost its fleeting glory .
Page 477
( 13 )
TURKISH DOMINATION
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Around 1400 Baghdad was ruined for the second time by
a Turkish sultan: Tamerlane, this time.
Tamerlane treats the capital as cruelly as
Hulagu Khan. Later another Turkish sultan: Murad, sacks
the city. Finally around 1534 Mesopotamia became a Turkish
possession with Sultan SULEIMAN-el-CANOUNI, but Turkish authority
had little vigor because of the uncertainty of the means
of communication. Until the First World War in 1914
Mesopotamia vegetates.
The Turks divide Mesopotamia into three districts:
Basra, in the south; Baghdad, in the center and Mosul in the
north.
Four periods are distinguished.
1- Power is entrusted to "Wallis" or governors.
These Ottoman governors have little authority. The tribes are
not subject to them and remain independent. Agriculture
is neglected and most Abbasid monuments are destroyed.
2- During the second period the power of the sultan is
strengthened. The "wallis" intensify the purchase of Mamluk
slaves to whom they grant a lot of freedom.
3- The Mamluks hold an increasingly considerable
place and end up seizing power. It is
then that Europeans begin to penetrate Mesopotamia.
The first English consul is appointed in Baghdad.
This third period ends under the government
of Daoud-Pasha who, having wanted to make a reform and establish
an independent government, was defeated by the sultan.
4- The power of the sultan increases more and more and the
"wallis" weaken. However, among these, stands out
a reformer, MIDHAT-PASHA, governor of Baghdad
from 1869 to 1872. Under his government great progress
was accomplished and living conditions were greatly
improved.
Midhat-Pasha is both a military and civil
organizer. He imposes military service, creates hospitals,
the land registry, installs the printing press and publishes the
first newspaper.
It is under his government that the cities of Nasiriyah and
Ramadi were born.
After him the governors who succeed each other until 1914
make no progress in the country.
Page 479
- P. 6 -
III Third Week
I Vocabulary
Learn the spelling of these words very perfectly.
Look up a synonym or know the meaning perfectly using the dictionary.
the dike (fem. noun).
the torrent (masc. noun)
the pastures ( " " )
to resemble (1st group verb)
to notch ( " " " )
the precipice ( masc. noun )
vertigo ( " " )
the fir tree ( " " )
the larch ( " " )
to wash one's face (1st group verb)
the nap (fem. noun).
an excursion ( " " )
the fern ( " " )
a strawberry ( " " )
a cyclamen (masc. noun)
to foam (1st group verb)
inaccessible (masc. or fem. adj.)
thick ( " " " )
an ice axe (masc. noun)
the gentian (fem. noun)
the rhododendron (masc. noun.)
Know the gender of nouns and adjectives very well.
the group of verbs.
II Sentence construction with given words.
Make a short and clear sentence with each of the following words:
the rock
the peak
the waterfall
the small bells
the ascent-
III-IV Grammar. Application Exercises.
Ses - Ces.
Ses has the meaning of, his, hers, its (plural).
Ces points out an object (these/those).
Example: Each of these tourists takes his skis.
C'est. C'était-S'est-S'était.
C'est, and c'était are written with a C in the sense of that is, that was.
s'est, and s'était are written with an s when the verb can be conjugated as I had, you had, he had etc...
Example: It is to make the ascent that François got up early.
Page 480
- P. 7 -
Peu and Peut
Peu has the meaning of: not much.
Peut, is the verb to be able to (can) and can be replaced by could.
Exercises
On.........steep slopes, the shepherd leads.....sheep
Because.........a place where the grass is abundant and tasty
One can........hardly make the ascent of Mont Blanc without
Guide. It'....in autumn that the herds leave the mountain pasture.
There is ..... snow on the ridge; one....wait for it without difficulty.
Yesterday,....... the departure of the herd towards distant Provence;
one.........approached to say "goodbye" to the shepherd and to....
dogs.
Words starting with:
ec, almost all take only one c (école, écarter etc...)
ef, all take two f's. Ex: effacer, effort, effrayer.
il, take two l's, except: île and îlot. Ex: illisible, illustre.
im, take two m's, except: image, imiter and their derivatives.
Exercise: Conjugate in the future tense:
Take photos.
Climb a slope.
Be a tireless walker
Have a beautiful panorama before one's eyes.
Make a perilous ascent.
Go pick green gentians.
Come to wash up in a trough.
All these grammar rules must be learned by heart.
Take the time to review the grammar rules from
last week.
V Reading.
Book "Le Français par le Français"
Reading No.3
Read each paragraph slowly twice, and the entire reading
in turn twice.
The reading must be done out loud.
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Page 481
- P.8 -
IV Fourth Week.
I Vocabulary.
Learn the spelling of these words very perfectly.
Look for a <del>⟦illegible⟧</del> synonym or Know the meaning perfectly using the dictionary.
To protect oneself (verb, 1st group)
the bad weather (fem. noun).
to lodge, to house oneself (verb, 1st group)
the stable (fem. noun.)
the cowshed ( " " )
the sheepfold ( " " )
the chicken coop (masc. noun.)
the dovecote ( " " )
the bees (fem. noun.)
the hive ( " " )
the hare (masc. noun.)
the wild boar ( " " )
the mouse (fem. noun.)
the lizard (masc. noun.)
the owl ( " " )
the squirrel ( " " )
the lion ( " " )
the claws (fem. noun.)
the fox (masc. noun.)
the mole (fem. noun.)
the beaver (masc. noun.)
Know very well the gender of nouns and adjectives and the group of verbs.
II Sentence construction with given words.
Make a short and clear sentence with each of the following words:
An insect
An anthill
the finches
the turkey
the chicks.
III-IV Grammar-Application Exercises.
Words that begin with:
Suf and Souf take two f's except: sulfur, to sulfur.
Sup take two p's, except supreme and words beginning with super.
Par take only one r, except godfather and parricide.
Exercise:
Classify into three columns: past, present, future-the following verbs.
I protect the swallows.
We will house our rabbits.
The dog had its kennel.
A cushion sufficed for the cat.
The lizard slips into the crack in the wall
The beavers will repair their dam.
(cont'd.)
Page 482
- p.9 -
The rabbit managed to escape.
The magpie leaves its nest.
The wild boar was in its wallow.
The pigeons return to the dovecote.
The bee will not find its hive.
Words starting with.
<u>in</u> only take one n, except innocence, innumerable,
innovate ⟦innate⟧.
<u>ir</u> take 2r except: iris, irony.
<u>of</u> all take 2f;
<u>or</u> only take one r.
<u>Exercises:</u>
<u>in</u> the price of this house is.....affordable.
this building is.....finished.
<u>ir</u> Buying a villa is an.....alizable dream.
What a beautiful border of.....ris
This meadow is easily.....rigable.
<u>of</u> At the housing.....ice, I was.....ered a beautiful building,
but so expensive. It will be made into a mess for .....icers.
<u>or</u> the chalet stands at the.....rance of the woods, the facade.....
iented to the east.
All these grammar rules must be learned by
heart. Take the time to review the grammar rules
from last week.
V. <u>Reading.</u>
Book "French through French".
Reading No.4
Read each paragraph slowly twice, and the entire
reading in turn twice.
The reading must be done out loud.
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Page 483
- p. 10 -
V Fifth Week.
I Vocabulary
Learn the spelling of these words very perfectly.
Search for a synonym or Know the meaning perfectly using the dictionary.
the mash (fem.)
the grain (masc.)
the barn (fem.)
the alfalfa ( " )
the courtyard ( " )
the poultry ( " )
to jostle each other (1st group verb)
to rush ( " " " )
familiar (adj.masc.fem.)
the oats (masc.)
the barley ( " )
to peck (1st group verb)
beaten (adj.masc.fem. or past participle)
to bicker (1st group verb)
the rooster (masc.)
proud (adj.masc. or fem.)
the fray (fem.)
to inflate (1st group verb)
hatched (adj.masc. or fem. or past participle)
to waddle (1st group verb)
to groan ( " 2nd " )
a bowl (fem.)
Know very well the gender of nouns and adjectives, the group of verbs.
II Sentence constructions with given words.
Make a short and clear sentence with each of the following words:
the niche
the hutch
to tease
the sparrows
brazen.
III-IV Grammar-Application Exercises.
Do not take the feminine mark, e:
1-Feminine nouns ending in eur except: an hour, a dwelling.
2-Feminine nouns ending in té, indicating quality: goodness, clarity etc...
3-The following nouns: daughter-in-law, glue, tribe, virtue, faith, law, wall, mouse, ewe, partridge, ant, night.
( p.11. )
Page 485
p. 12 -
VI Sixth Week
I Vocabulary
Learn the spelling of these words very perfectly.
Search for a synonym or Know the meaning perfectly using the dictionary.
A stall (fem.)
the shoemaker (masc.)
the forge (fem.)
the masons (masc.)
the carpenter ( " )
the resin (fem.)
the sawdust ( " )
the shavings (masc.)
to whistle (1st group verb)
hardly...any (adverb, invariable)
to spit (1st group verb)
the acacia (masc.)
the poplar ( " )
the oak ( " )
to dig (1st group verb)
to make one want ( " 3rd " )
the woodwork (fem.)
brave (adj. masc. fem.)
the workshop (masc.)
the saw (fem.)
Know very well the gender of nouns and adjectives,
the group of verbs.
II Sentence construction with given words.
Make a short and clear sentence with each of the following words:
the parquet floor
to tidy up
to pile up
to amass
to stuff
III-IV Grammar-Application Exercises.
1- When the adjective comes from a noun, it remains invariable.
Ex: Brown eyes.
Rust-colored fabrics.
Exception: pink ribbons.
mauve dresses.
2- Other color adjectives vary:
Ex: Green leaves
Reddish stems.
3- Adjectives formed of two joined words are
invariable:
Ex: Pale yellow corollas.
Page 486
- P. 13 -
Exercise.
Make the words in parentheses agree, if necessary:
pants (dead leaf)
handkerchiefs (mauve)
dresses (red, green, blue)
suits (dark green)
blouses (black)
frock coats (tobacco) or (flea)
coats (dark red)
ribbons (cherry, pink, purple)
wools (lemon yellow).
All these grammar rules must be learned by heart.
Take the time to review the grammar rules from
last week.
V Reading.
Book "French by the French"
Reading No. 6
Read each paragraph slowly twice, and the entire
reading in turn twice.
The reading must be done out loud.
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Page 488
⟦illegible⟧
- P. 7 -
Peu and Peut
Peu has the meaning of: not much.
Peut, is the verb to be able to (can) and can be replaced by could.
Exercises
On..........steep slopes, the shepherd leads.....sheep
Because..........a place where the grass is abundant and tasty
One can.........hardly make the ascent of Mont Blanc without
Guide. It'....in autumn that the herds leave the mountain pasture.
There is ..... snow on the ridge; one....reach it without difficulty.
Yesterday,....... the departure of the herd towards distant Provence;
one..........approached to say "goodbye" to the shepherd and to....
dogs.
Words starting with:
ec, almost all take only one c (école, écarter etc...)
ef, all take two f's. Ex: effacer, effort, effrayer.
il, take two l's, except: île and îlot. Ex: illisible, illustre.
im, take two m's, except: image, imiter and their derivatives.
Exercise: Conjugate in the future tense:
Take photos.
Climb a slope.
Be an indefatigable walker
Have a beautiful panorama before one's eyes.
Make a perilous ascent.
Go pick green gentians.
Come to wash up in a trough.
All these grammar rules must be learned by heart.
Take the time to review the grammar rules from
last week.
V Reading.
Book "French through French"
Reading No.3
Read each paragraph slowly twice, and the entire reading
in turn twice.
The reading must be done out loud.
⟦line⟧
Page 489
- P.8 -
IV Fourth Week.
I Vocabulary.
Learn the spelling of these words very perfectly.
Search for a <del>⟦illegible⟧</del> synonym or Know the meaning perfectly
using the dictionary.
To protect oneself | (verb, 1st group)
the bad weather | (fem. noun).
to lodge, to lodge oneself | (verb, 1st group)
the stable | (fem. noun.)
the cowshed | ( " " )
the sheepfold | ( " " )
the chicken coop | (masc. noun.)
the dovecote | ( " " )
the bees | (fem. noun.)
the hive | ( " " )
the hare | (masc. noun.)
the wild boar | ( " " )
the mouse | (fem. noun.)
the lizard | (masc. noun.)
the owl | ( " " )
the squirrel | ( " " )
the lion | ( " " )
the claws | (fem. noun.)
the fox | (masc. noun.)
the mole | (fem. noun.)
the beaver | (masc. noun.)
Know very well the gender of nouns and adjectives
the group of verbs.
II Sentence constructions with given words.
Make a short and clear sentence with each of the following
words:
An insect
An anthill
the finches
the turkey
the chicks.
III-IV Grammar-Application Exercises.
Words that begin with:
Suf and Souf take two f's except: sulfur, to sulfur.
Sup take two p's, except supreme and words beginning
with super.
Par take only one r, except godfather and parricide.
Exercise.
Classify into three columns: past, present, future-the following
verbs.
I protect the swallows.
We will house our rabbits.
The dog had its kennel.
A cushion sufficed for the cat.
The lizard slips into the crack in the wall
The beavers will repair their dam.
(cont'd.)
Page 490
- p.9 -
The rabbit managed to escape.
The magpie leaves its nest.
The wild boar was in its wallow.
The pigeons return to the dovecote.
The bee will not find its hive again.
Words starting with.
in only take one n, except innocence, innumerable,
innovate, ⟦innate⟧.
ir take 2r except: iris, irony.
of all take 2f:
or only take one r.
Exercises:
in the price of this house is.....affordable.
this building is.....finished.
ir Buying a villa is an.....alizable dream.
What a beautiful border of....ris
This meadow is easily.....rigable.
of At the housing.....ice, I was.....ered a beautiful building,
but so expensive. It will be made into a mess for .....icers.
or the chalet stands at the....rance of the woods, the facade.....
iented to the east.
All these grammar rules must be learned by
heart. Take the time to review the grammar rules
from last week.
V. Reading.
Book "Le Français par le Français".
Reading No.4
Read each paragraph slowly twice, and the entire
reading in turn twice.
The reading must be done out loud.
⟦line⟧
Page 491
- p. 10 -
V Fifth Week.
I Vocabulary
Learn the spelling of these words very perfectly.
Search for a synonym or Know the meaning perfectly
using the dictionary.
the mash (fem.)
the grain (masc.)
the barn (fem.)
the alfalfa ( " )
the courtyard ( " )
the poultry ( " )
to jostle each other (1st group verb)
to rush ( " " " )
familiar (adj.masc.fem.)
the oats (masc.)
the barley ( " )
to peck (1st group verb)
beaten (adj.masc.fem.or past participle)
to bicker (1st group verb)
the rooster (masc.)
proud (adj.masc.or fem.)
the fray (fem.)
to inflate (1st group verb)
hatched (adj.masc.or fem. or past participle)
to waddle (1st group verb)
to groan ( " 2nd " )
a bowl (fem.)
Know the gender of nouns and adjectives very well,
the group of verbs.
II Sentence constructions with given words.
Make a short and clear sentence with each of the
following words:
the kennel
the hutch
to tease
the sparrows
cheeky.
III-IV Grammar-Application Exercises.
Do not take the feminine mark, e:
1-Feminine nouns in eur except: an hour, a dwelling.
2-Feminine nouns in té, indicating quality: goodness,
clarity etc...
3-The following nouns: daughter-in-law, glue, tribe, virtue, faith, law,
wall, mouse, ewe, partridge, ant, night.
( p.11. )
Page 492
- 11 -
Exercise.
Complete the unfinished words:
In the clear freshn.... of the morning, a bright rum....
soars above the farm. The majestic gander lets out
a hoarse clam....
As soon as the farmer's wife appears, the whole winged trib.... throws itself
with greedin.... onto the grain. In his vanit.... the turkey
fans his tail so that people admire his beaut..... A rooster scratches the ground
with vig.... . In the stable with the strong scent...., the oxen,
tied to the wall.... , feel the tim.... of the meal and bellow
with authorit....
All these grammar rules must be learned by heart.
Take the time to review last week's
grammar rules. .
V Reading.
Book "French through French"
Reading No.5
Read each paragraph slowly twice, and the entire
reading in turn twice.
The reading must be done out loud.
⟦line⟧
Page 493
p. 12 -
VI Sixth Week
I Vocabulary
Learn the spelling of these words very perfectly.
Search for a synonym or Know the meaning perfectly
using the dictionary.
A stall | (fem.)
the shoemaker | (masc.)
the forge | (fem.)
the masons | (masc.)
the carpenter | ( " )
the resin | (fem.)
the sawdust | ( " )
the shavings | (masc.)
to whistle | (1st group verb)
hardly...any | (adverb, invariable)
to spit | (1st group verb)
the acacia | (masc.)
the poplar | ( " )
the oak | ( " )
to dig | (1st group verb)
to make one want to | ( " 3rd " )
the woodwork | (fem.)
brave | (adj.masc.fem.)
the workshop | (masc.)
the saw | (fem.)
Know very well the gender of nouns and adjectives,
the group of verbs.
II Sentence construction with given words.
Make a short and clear sentence with each of the following
words:
the parquet floor
to tidy up
to pile up
to amass
to stuff
III-IV Grammar-Application Exercises.
1- When the adjective comes from a noun, it remains invariable.
Ex: Brown eyes.
Rust-colored fabrics.
Exception: pink ribbons.
mauve dresses.
2- Other color adjectives vary:
Ex: Green leaves
Reddish stems.
3- Adjectives formed of two joined words are
invariable:
Ex: pale yellow Corollas.
Page 494
- P. 13 -
Exercise.
Make the words in parentheses agree, if necessary:
pants (dead leaf)
handkerchiefs (mauve)
dresses (red, green, blue)
suits (dark green)
blouses (black)
frock coats (tobacco) or (flea)
coats (dark red)
ribbons (cherry, pink, purple)
wools (lemon yellow).
All these grammar rules must be learned by heart.
Take the time to review the grammar rules from
last week.
V Reading.
Book "French through French"
Reading No. 6
Read each paragraph slowly twice, and the entire
reading in turn twice.
The reading must be done out loud.
⟦line⟧
Page 495
Embassy Certificate Baghdad 1961
Spelling
A storm
The black clouds pushed by a terrible wind,
arrived, following one another, pressing,
jostling, pushing each other like a flock of
frightened sheep and when they were upon us the hail began to
fall with a great noise...
"Poor people: we are lost!" cried the
women; and they began to cry and to lament.
Now the storm was fully over the village; the
hail fell as big as pigeon eggs, and even
more so. The tiles of the houses flew into pieces; the
leaves of the trees fell in masses and disappeared,
carried away by the wind ...
This lasted a quarter of an hour. The broken tiles
let the water pass into the attic and, through the
badly joined floor, it rained on the tables, on the beds,
everywhere, but no one paid attention: everyone thought
of their wheat which was lost.
When it was over, we went out, and all the people of the
village too. In the meadows the grass was under the mud. The
vines and the trees were hacked, the gardens ransacked. And
from all sides one heard the cries of the women and their
exclamations.
According to E. Le Roy.
Q U E S T I O N S
I - "The frightened sheep".
Conjugate the verb "to frighten" in the first person
singular and plural of the present, the imperfect, the
future of the Indicative.
II- Function of the words: "the women"-"pigeons"-"in mass".
III- Identify and analyze the subordinate clauses of
this text.
Page 496
EMBASSY CERTIFICATE
BAGHDAD 1961
FRENCH COMPOSITION
You are writing to a foreign correspondent to describe to them
some characteristic aspects of your city and to
invite them to come and spend a few days with you.
FOREIGN LANGUAGE COMPOSITION
You have been invited by one of your friends to spend the
day with them.
Tell the story of this day.
⟦line⟧
Page 497
⟦illegible⟧
Embassy Certificate Baghdad 1961
Spelling
A storm
The black clouds driven by a terrible wind,
arrived, following one another, pressing,
jostling, pushing each other like a flock of frightened
sheep and when they were upon us the hail began to
fall with a great noise...
"Poor people: we are lost!" cried <ins>the</ins>
<ins>women</ins>; and they began to cry and to lament.
Now the storm was right over the village; the
hail fell as big as pigeon eggs, and even
more so. The tiles of the houses flew into pieces; the
leaves of the trees fell <ins>en masse</ins> and disappeared,
carried away by the wind ...
This lasted a quarter of an hour. The broken tiles
let the water into the attic and, through the
badly joined floor, it rained on the tables, on the beds,
everywhere, but no one paid attention: everyone was thinking
of their wheat which was lost.
When it was over, we went out, and all the people of the
village too. In the meadows the grass was under the mud. The
vines and the trees were shredded, the gardens ransacked. And
from all sides one heard the cries of the women and their
exclamations.
According to E. Le Roy.
Q U E S T I O N S
I - "The frightened sheep".
Conjugate the verb "to frighten" in the first person
singular and plural of the present, the imperfect, the
future of the Indicative.
II- Function of the words: "the women"-"pigeons"-"en masse".
III- Identify and analyze the subordinate clauses of
this text.
Page 498
EMBASSY CERTIFICATE
BAGHDAD 1961
FRENCH COMPOSITION
You are writing to a foreign correspondent to describe to them
some characteristic aspects of your city and to
invite them to come spend a few days with you.
FOREIGN LANGUAGE WRITING
You have been invited by one of your classmates to spend the
day with them.
Relate this day.
⟦line⟧
Page 499
Embassy Certificate Baghdad 1961
Spelling
A storm
The black clouds, driven by a terrible wind,
arrived, following one another, crowding, jostling,
pushing each other like a flock of frightened sheep
and when they were upon us the hail began to
fall with a great noise...
"Poor people: we are lost!" cried <u>the</u>
<u>women</u>; and they began to cry and lament.
Now the storm was in full force over the village; the
hail fell as big as pigeon eggs, and even
more so. The roof tiles of the houses flew into pieces; the
leaves of the trees fell <u>en masse</u> and disappeared,
carried away by the wind...
This lasted a quarter of an hour. The broken tiles
let the water pass into the attic and, through the
poorly joined floor, it rained on the tables, on the beds,
everywhere, but no one paid attention; everyone was thinking
of their wheat which was lost.
When it was over, we went out, and all the people of the
village too. In the meadows the grass was under the mud. The
vines and the trees were hacked, the gardens ransacked. And
from all sides one heard the cries of the women and their
exclamations.
According to E. Le Roy.
Q U E S T I O N S
I - "The frightened sheep".
Conjugate the verb "to frighten" in the first person
singular and plural of the present, the imperfect, and the
future of the Indicative.
II- Function of the words: "the women"-"pigeons"-"en masse".
III- Identify and analyze the subordinate clauses of
this text.
Page 500
EMBASSY CERTIFICATE
BAGHDAD 1961
FRENCH COMPOSITION
You are writing to a foreign correspondent to describe to them
some characteristic aspects of your city and to
invite them to come spend a few days with you.
FOREIGN LANGUAGE WRITING
You have been invited by one of your classmates to spend the
day with him.
Recount this day.
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