Handwritten Notes, Science Class
View interactive document pageThis are handwritten notes from a science class.
⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ choosing any point on ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ degree neighbor ⟦illegible⟧ The points fixed in the decision ⟦illegible⟧ The direction of wave propagation is ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ follows these verses ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ and if ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ the committees ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ each ⟦illegible⟧ will be
⟦Physics⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ Electromagnetic spectrum 1- | Electric waves 2- | Radio waves 3- | Infrared waves 4- | Optical waves 5- | Ultraviolet waves 6- | X-rays 7- | Gamma rays 8- | Cosmic rays ⟦illegible⟧ ← ⟦illegible⟧ ← ⟦illegible⟧ ← ⟦illegible⟧ ← ⟦illegible⟧
⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ on the participation ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ the private ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ that article ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ the participation ⟦illegible⟧
Photoelectric effect ⟦illegible⟧ noticed during his experiments ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ oscillating electrical ⟦illegible⟧ that ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ when illuminated by another spark. It was also observed that ⟦illegible⟧ zinc loses its negative charge ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ rays ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible diagram/sketch⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ photoelectric: ⟦illegible⟧ current ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ electro-⟦illegible⟧ emission ⟦illegible⟧ radiation intensity ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ light energy ⟦illegible⟧ Work function ⟦illegible⟧ one electron ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ minimum energy ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧
Quantum Theory The radiation energy of any source must be multiples ⟦illegible⟧ of the photon energy. Photon: Indivisible human particles of negligible mass ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ for the photon is responsible for the ⟦illegible⟧ effect The intensity of light depends on the number of photons E = h v where v: frequency of the radiated light h: Planck's constant h = 6.625 x 10^-34 ⟦illegible⟧ Einstein ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦... necessary ...⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ So if ⟦illegible⟧ one of ⟦illegible⟧ was done ⟦illegible⟧ electrons ⟦illegible⟧ moved ⟦illegible⟧ And upon its collision with the surface ⟦illegible⟧ By the amount of the work state (W) ∴ Maximum Kinetic Energy = Photon Energy - Work Function ( 1/2 m v² ) max = h f - W
⟦illegible⟧ That the cutoff frequency ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ proof ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ between ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ on ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ in the intensity of ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ electromagnetic ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ electrons and the kinetic energy depends ⟦illegible⟧ The third law ⟦illegible⟧ electrically with the frequency of the incident light ⟦illegible⟧ electrons ⟦illegible⟧ Where it states that the energy of light increases by increasing its intensity and frequency has no relation ⟦illegible⟧
⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ X - RAY ⟦line⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ X-Ray ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ the individual must be ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ the individual whenever the material was ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ that the individual ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ this is a ball ⟦illegible⟧ And that the collision is a mirror for the womb statement which ⟦illegible⟧ The womb that is transported by a ball that is not transparent ⟦illegible⟧ Lifting the tweezers ⟦illegible⟧ | ⟦illegible⟧ | ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦line⟧ D = J N / S N | Pressure = J S / S | Pressure = J S / S Name S H = J S / S
Lighting Light measurement depends on (1 Intensity of illumination 2) What the surface gains from light ⟦illegible⟧ illuminance ⟦illegible⟧ Standard illuminance is the intensity of light emitted from a hole whose area is 1/60 cm2 of a hollow vessel its temperature is the freezing point of platinum ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ lamp ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ intensity of illumination thereby the quantity of illumination Luminous flux: is the rate at which ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ the energy sent by light to the optical system ⟦illegible⟧ perceived in a certain way during a unit of time ⟦illegible⟧ the sensation of vision and sight Illuminance (measurement of luminous flux). It is the amount of luminous flux incident on a unit area of a surface at a point on it located at a unit distance from the light source point source
⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ square ⟦illegible⟧ AB × ⟦illegible⟧ Power ⟦illegible⟧ Square ⟦illegible⟧ (⟦illegible⟧ × ⟦illegible⟧) ⟦line⟧ The intensity of illumination on a surface ⟦illegible⟧ inversely with the square of its distance from the light source and is proportional directly with the cosine of the angle between the ⟦illegible⟧ of light and the perpendicular to ⟦diagram⟧
Matter waves Scattering Re-radiation of wave energy when rays fall on a barrier or ⟦...⟧ atom in all directions Light sources Natural ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦...⟧ electron velocity ⟦...⟧ emitted by light 1) Photon mass 2) Momentum 3) Wavelength of the incident photon 4) Photon energy
Diffuse reflection or ⟦...⟧ is a reflection that occurs on rough surfaces where the reflected rays are in different directions, even if the laws of reflection apply to each ray individually ⟦...⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ Images are formed by the convergence of rays An image is formed of the object from which those rays were emitted, and in general, it is inverted relative to the object and may be larger than it or smaller or equal to it in size
Types of virtual images: 1- Images that are formed ⟦in⟧ ⟦...⟧ They are ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ not ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ 2- The image that is formed in ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ Images formed in the mirror ⟦...⟧ The characteristics of these images are: Behind the mirror at the same distance as the object that ⟦...⟧ Its right is the left of the object and vice versa ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ The drawing illustrates that ⟦...⟧ ⟦diagram_of_optics_and_reflection⟧
⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ Cases of image formation by a concave mirror ⟦line⟧ The image formed by a convex mirror ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ written ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦line⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ in this ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ large sad from ⟦illegible⟧ Upon his receipt of the affairs of ⟦illegible⟧ The second case, i.e., ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ the second case, i.e., a real image The image is real if it can be ⟦illegible⟧ That a prism for output in a cylinder ⟦illegible⟧ and thus Projecting it onto a screen or photographing it. ⟦illegible⟧ any importance In the image being real, due to its lack of effect on astronomical observation
Spherical Aberration It is the anomaly of parallel rays in that they do not all meet at the principal focus after reflection, which is a defect that leads to the formation of a distorted image The cause of spherical aberration If the mirror is a large part of a ⟦sphere⟧, then the rays far from the principal axis of the mirror do not reflect at the focal point, but rather reflect at other ⟦points⟧ close to the ⟦pole⟧ of the mirror ⟦And to get rid of spherical aberration⟧ ⟦A parabolic mirror is used⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ the parabolic section ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ the principal axis reflects all ⟦...⟧ original, meeting at a single point, which is the focus ⟦...⟧ parallel to the principal axis ⟦...⟧
The Mirror Equation (21) ⟦diagram of a concave mirror with rays and labels: D, N, Q, H, D', N', F⟧ 1/f = 1/q + 1/q' ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible text⟧ ⟦illegible text⟧ ⟦illegible text⟧ ⟦D N Q , D' N' Q' are similar⟧ D N / D' N' = Q / Q' ⟦H N F , D' N' F are similar⟧ H N / D' N' = F / S' H N = D N Q / Q' = F / S' S / F = F / S'
Refraction Refraction: A change in the direction of a light ray when it passes obliquely between two media that differ in their optical density Optical Density: It is the ability of a transparent medium to refract light rays passing through it ⟦illegible⟧ is the ratio between the speed of light in a vacuum and its speed in a physical medium n = c / v ⟦illegible⟧ Snell's Law: The ratio between the sine of the angle of incidence and the sine of the angle of refraction is equal to a constant value for two specific media ⟦line⟧ sin θ / sin θ' = n2 / n1 n1 sin θ = n2 sin θ' (12)
⟦illegible⟧ 1/10 ÷ 1/2 = 1/5 1/8 + 1/10 ÷ 1/5 1/5 = 2/10 J : Distance of the object S : Distance of the image S' : Distance of the focus If the image was ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ in the concave mirror ⟦illegible⟧ focal length ⟦illegible⟧ 1/20 + 1/20 = 2/20 = 1/10 1/10 = 1/S' S' = 10
This law is general and valid for all homogeneous media, but if it is used for a case involving two media, one of which is (air), then sin θ2 ⟦line⟧ = sin θ1 (air) ⟦line⟧ = ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ The critical angle: ⟦illegible⟧ corresponds to an angle of 90 degrees sin 90 ⟦line⟧ = sin θc 1 ⟦line⟧ = n 1 Sine of the critical angle = ⟦line⟧ Refractive index
14 ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ and the power ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ people ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ Types of Lenses The lens: every transparent body surrounded by two non-parallel curved surfaces or by one surface and the other is flat convex convex convex concave flat double-sided
15 ⟦illegible⟧ The virtual focus is that point where the extensions of the refracted rays emerging from the lens meet. ⟦diagram of a convex lens with light rays⟧ ⟦diagram of a concave lens with light rays⟧ How do lenses differ? 1- The secondary axis passes through the focus ⟦illegible⟧ and not through any center ⟦illegible⟧ 2- The principal focus in the lens ⟦illegible⟧ is located at the center of curvature as it depends on the refractive index of the glass it is made of. 3- The real image in the lens is on the other opposite side from where the object is located, while the virtual one is located
Converging lenses: These are lenses in which the center is thick and the edges are thin, and they are characterized by gathering the bundle of waves that fall upon them, where ⟦...⟧ the principal axis in the center of the lens by the effect of light ⟦...⟧ which includes the thin edge Diverging lenses Real focus: It is the point where the parallel rays incident on the axis of the lens converge after they are refracted during their passage through that lens Or it is that point where the refracted rays emerging from the lens meet Real image: It is the image that is formed ⟦...⟧ The side ⟦...⟧ Virtual image Real focus Virtual focus
Structure of the eye ⟦drawing of an eye with labels⟧ 1- The white sclera layer Protects the eye from ⟦illegible⟧ The middle ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ on a dark-colored pigment ⟦illegible⟧ retina ⟦illegible⟧ in the optic nerve The crystalline lens ⟦illegible⟧ in front of The cornea ⟦illegible⟧ And it transmits ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ The eye ⟦illegible⟧ yellow spot Where the rays are concentrated on it In this case, the image is formed behind the retina, either because the eyeball is small or the lens is in its least flat state ⟦illegible⟧ Treated using contact lenses ⟦illegible⟧ convex concave Where it works to converge the rays before they enter the eye
IV ⟦illegible⟧ that will suit ⟦illegible⟧ However, ⟦illegible⟧ is incomplete ⟦illegible⟧ be ⟦illegible⟧ treats this defect ⟦illegible⟧ especially ⟦illegible⟧ this irregularity mentioned ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ focal ⟦illegible⟧ large ⟦illegible⟧ the image ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦...⟧ = ⟦...⟧ Since ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦...⟧ = ⟦...⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ 50 / 50 = 0
Chapter Four Colors Dispersion Solar Spectrum: are the colors into which sunlight is dispersed when it passes through a prism ⟦diagram of light dispersion through a prism⟧ Refraction of light with its different colors in the prism ⟦illegible⟧ no medium ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ Refractive index ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ Color ⟦illegible⟧ Color depends on the radiation that is emitted or it is the color that ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ when the light is from the different frequencies received by the eye ⟦graph showing spectral intensity vs wavelength⟧ Intensity Wavelength