Handwritten Notes, Science Class
View interactive document pageThis are handwritten notes from a science class.
⟦Physics⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ Electromagnetic spectrum 1- | Electric waves 2- | Radio waves 3- | Infrared waves 4- | Optical waves 5- | Ultraviolet waves 6- | X-rays 7- | Gamma rays 8- | Cosmic rays ⟦illegible⟧ ← ⟦illegible⟧ ← ⟦illegible⟧ ← ⟦illegible⟧ ← ⟦illegible⟧
In the event that the surface is ⟦...⟧ 1/2 m v^2 = work ⟦...⟧ = work The frequency is ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ minutes ⟦...⟧ The energy of ⟦...⟧ Wave Mechanics Wave Mechanics ⟦...⟧ photon ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ Mass ⟦...⟧ quantities ⟦...⟧ Photon momentum: ⟦...⟧
Lighting Light measurement depends on (1 Intensity of illumination 2) What the surface gains from light ⟦illegible⟧ illuminance ⟦illegible⟧ Standard illuminance is the intensity of light emitted from a hole whose area is 1/60 cm2 of a hollow vessel its temperature is the freezing point of platinum ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ lamp ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ intensity of illumination thereby the quantity of illumination Luminous flux: is the rate at which ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ the energy sent by light to the optical system ⟦illegible⟧ perceived in a certain way during a unit of time ⟦illegible⟧ the sensation of vision and sight Illuminance (measurement of luminous flux). It is the amount of luminous flux incident on a unit area of a surface at a point on it located at a unit distance from the light source point source
Matter waves Scattering Re-radiation of wave energy when rays fall on a barrier or ⟦...⟧ atom in all directions Light sources Natural ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦...⟧ electron velocity ⟦...⟧ emitted by light 1) Photon mass 2) Momentum 3) Wavelength of the incident photon 4) Photon energy
Types of virtual images: 1- Images that are formed ⟦in⟧ ⟦...⟧ They are ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ not ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ 2- The image that is formed in ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ Images formed in the mirror ⟦...⟧ The characteristics of these images are: Behind the mirror at the same distance as the object that ⟦...⟧ Its right is the left of the object and vice versa ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ The drawing illustrates that ⟦...⟧ ⟦diagram_of_optics_and_reflection⟧ Diffuse reflection or ⟦...⟧ is a reflection that occurs on rough surfaces where the reflected rays are in different directions, even if the laws of reflection apply to each ray individually ⟦...⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ Images are formed by the convergence of rays An image is formed of the object from which those rays were emitted, and in general, it is inverted relative to the object and may be larger than it or smaller or equal to it in size
The Mirror Equation (21) ⟦diagram of a concave mirror with rays and labels: D, N, Q, H, D', N', F⟧ 1/f = 1/q + 1/q' ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible text⟧ ⟦illegible text⟧ ⟦illegible text⟧ ⟦D N Q , D' N' Q' are similar⟧ D N / D' N' = Q / Q' ⟦H N F , D' N' F are similar⟧ H N / D' N' = F / S' H N = D N Q / Q' = F / S' S / F = F / S' Spherical Aberration It is the anomaly of parallel rays in that they do not all meet at the principal focus after reflection, which is a defect that leads to the formation of a distorted image The cause of spherical aberration If the mirror is a large part of a ⟦sphere⟧, then the rays far from the principal axis of the mirror do not reflect at the focal point, but rather reflect at other ⟦points⟧ close to the ⟦pole⟧ of the mirror ⟦And to get rid of spherical aberration⟧ ⟦A parabolic mirror is used⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ the parabolic section ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ the principal axis reflects all ⟦...⟧ original, meeting at a single point, which is the focus ⟦...⟧ parallel to the principal axis ⟦...⟧
⟦illegible⟧ 1/10 ÷ 1/2 = 1/5 1/8 + 1/10 ÷ 1/5 1/5 = 2/10 J : Distance of the object S : Distance of the image S' : Distance of the focus If the image was ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ in the concave mirror ⟦illegible⟧ focal length ⟦illegible⟧ 1/20 + 1/20 = 2/20 = 1/10 1/10 = 1/S' S' = 10
Converging lenses: These are lenses in which the center is thick and the edges are thin, and they are characterized by gathering the bundle of waves that fall upon them, where ⟦...⟧ the principal axis in the center of the lens by the effect of light ⟦...⟧ which includes the thin edge Diverging lenses Real focus: It is the point where the parallel rays incident on the axis of the lens converge after they are refracted during their passage through that lens Or it is that point where the refracted rays emerging from the lens meet Real image: It is the image that is formed ⟦...⟧ The side ⟦...⟧ Virtual image Real focus Virtual focus
16 Spherical aberration in lenses It is when the parallel rays that fall on the lens do not meet at a single point but rather meet at a nearby point ⟦illegible⟧ the lens Reducing spherical aberration in lenses ⟦illegible⟧ is placed ⟦illegible⟧ the lens ⟦illegible⟧ 1/f = 1/u + 1/v In virtual images, ⟦illegible⟧ is And if the lens is diverging, ⟦illegible⟧ negative And after ⟦illegible⟧ negative
Structure of the Eye Cornea Iris Lens Sclera Choroid Retina Optic Nerve 1- The White Sclera Layer Protects the eye from external influences 2- The Choroid Layer It is a layer rich in blood vessels that nourish the eye 3- The Retina Layer It is the light-sensitive layer and the optic nerve ends in it Cornea: The transparent layer from the front Iris: The colored part and it controls the amount of light Lens: A transparent body that focuses light rays onto the retina Farsightedness: A pathological condition where the eyeball is short In this case, the image forms behind the retina, either because the eyeball is small or the lens is not in its natural state It is treated using convex lenses as they converge the rays before entering the eye its curvature is ⟦slight⟧
18 The compound microscope It consists of two sets of lenses ⟦...⟧ The objective set is a small converging lens Allows the lens ⟦...⟧ to ⟦...⟧ the device ⟦illegible⟧ Compound Light Microscope 17 Ocular lens (Eyepiece): ⟦illegible⟧ It is where the object to be magnified externally is placed ⟦illegible⟧ forms a real magnified image ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ Light Microscope ⟦illegible⟧ It is the one that ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ 10 x 40 = 400 10 x 10 = 100 10 x ⟦illegible⟧ Where ⟦illegible⟧ is the point That ⟦illegible⟧ Is ⟦illegible⟧ For the eye
Chapter Four Colors Dispersion Solar Spectrum: are the colors into which sunlight is dispersed when it passes through a prism ⟦diagram of light dispersion through a prism⟧ Refraction of light with its different colors in the prism ⟦illegible⟧ no medium ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ Refractive index ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ Color ⟦illegible⟧ Color depends on the radiation that is emitted or it is the color that ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ when the light is from the different frequencies received by the eye ⟦graph showing spectral intensity vs wavelength⟧ Intensity Wavelength
(2) Magnifying lenses: i.e. we have a microbe, what is the mixing of colors to be white, so that the seven colors appear the seven, and they are in the order of the ⟦triangular⟧ prism Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ colors ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ Blue + Yellow = Green + ⟦...⟧ ⟦Dark⟧ Blue + ⟦...⟧ = ⟦...⟧ + ⟦...⟧ = ⟦...⟧ Yellow pigment absorbs colors ⟦...⟧ ⟦...⟧ and reflects Red, yellow and green Blue pigment absorbs red and yellow and reflects green and blue and violet Mixing Colors
⟦Study⟧ ⟦statement⟧ ⟦radiation⟧ ⟦and energy⟧ ⟦Balmer⟧ ⟦series⟧ ⟦Developing⟧ ⟦a model⟧ ⟦for the atom⟧ ⟦of hydrogen⟧ ⟦where⟧ ⟦it is⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦Consistent⟧ ⟦with the states⟧ ⟦physical⟧ ⟦but⟧ ⟦this⟧ ⟦model⟧ ⟦That⟧ ⟦the lines⟧ ⟦bright⟧ ⟦in⟧ ⟦spectrum⟧ ⟦hydrogen⟧ ⟦The assumptions⟧ ⟦prominent⟧ ⟦in⟧ ⟦this⟧ ⟦model⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦illegible⟧ ⟦Statement⟧ ⟦about⟧ ⟦transition⟧ ⟦the electron⟧ ⟦...⟧ ⟦First⟧ ⟦radiates⟧ ⟦the atom⟧ ⟦an amount⟧ ⟦of⟧ ⟦energy⟧ ⟦h f = E2 - E1⟧ ⟦Thus⟧ ⟦was able⟧ ⟦Bohr⟧ ⟦calculation⟧ ⟦frequencies⟧ ⟦the lines⟧ ⟦formed⟧ ⟦Balmer⟧ ⟦series⟧