Voices from the Archive

IJA 3787

School Documents and Test Administration Instructions, Student Rosters, Teacher Issues, Baghdadi Jewish Schools

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Description

These are archival documents from the Baghdadi Jewish community. The item includes fundraising letters for the establishment of the Jewish Lay Council’s School Relief Committee, invoices for construction materials for repairs and utilities; budget estimates, guides for school administrators, test administration instructions, student rosters, and documents pertaining to teachers and employment issues. Correspondence is in Arabic, English, and French, and comes from Switzerland, Bombay, England, and Shanghai. There is one birth certificate from 1946.

Metadata

Archive Reference
IJA 3787
Item Number
6728
Date
Approx. January 1, 1921 to December 31, 1930
Languages
Multiple Languages
Keywords
School Relief Committee, Financial, Rivka Nouriel School, Illustration, Employment, Masooda Saliman School, Judeo-Arabic, Rahel Shahmoon School, Alliance Israélite Universelle, Shamash Secondary School, Teachers, Newspaper, Ledger, Menahem S. Daniel’s School, Department of Posts & Telegraphs, Charity, Baghdad Light and Power, File Folder, Al-Waṭanī School, Typed, Consistoire Israelite, Post Office-Baghdad, Endowment, Cartoon, Clippings, Business Card, Ministry of Education, Bank of the East, Ink Stamp, Ottoman Bank, Receipts, Labor, Letterhead, Invoice, Jewish Lay Council, Chief Rabbi, President of the Jewish Community, French, General Certificate of Education, Gan Hailadim School, Waqf, Benjamin Moshi, Budget, Birth Certificate, British Occupation, Correspondence, Kerem Yeladim School, Personal Letterhead, Annotation, Anglo-Jewish Association, Handwritten, Jewish Schools Committee, Students

AI en Translation, Pages 126-150

Page 126

School Assistance Committee
of the Israelite Community
⟦illegible⟧
started the work by having the
appeal letters printed and distributed internally
and externally - In a few days we will have
the subscribers and will collect the donations.
Attached is a list of expenses incurred by our committee
according to original receipts amounting to Rs 82/4.
which we ask you to settle. Please accept
The President
The Secretary
M. ⟦illegible⟧
⟦illegible⟧
⟦illegible mirrored text from reverse side⟧

JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools Relief Committee
BAGHDAD
(Iraq)
Jewish Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
⟦JEWISH LAY COUNCIL⟧
⟦BAGHDAD⟧
Baghdad, Oct. 29, 192 55.
Sir,
Menachi Elyahoo Rouben.
In Town.
Dear Sir,
Our Committee learned with regret in its meeting yesterday,
the misfortune that has just struck you, in the double death of Mr. your
father and your brother. We send you our deepest and most cordial
condolences and ask you to believe in our best regards.
The President.          The Secretary.

Page 127

JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools relief Committee
BAGHDAD
(Iraq)
The Jewish Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
Baghdad, 30/X 192⟦8⟧
To the Honorable President of the Lay Council
After greetings, in response to your letter No. 184 dated the 23rd of this month
we wish to inform you that our body has unanimously agreed to the amendment
that you proposed regarding Article 8 of our bylaws, in view of the validity
of your point of view in this regard. Therefore, please return the bylaws to us corrected according
to what you mentioned in your letter of the 26th of this month, No. 182, and we are pleased to inform you that we have
already begun by printing the bylaws and distributing them internally and externally, and we
will open the subscription in the near future and begin collecting donations.
Enclosed you will find a list of the expense account spent by our committee until
this date, so please kindly settle it. With our best regards, and may you remain well.
The Secretary
And we are now in the process of printing the bylaws
Mr. President of the Jewish Consistory
In town
In response to your letter of the 23rd current No 184 we have the honor
to inform you that our Committee agrees on the rectification
of article 8 of our statutes, and this for the reason that you give
we ask you to return to us the corrected statutes as
you mentioned in your letter of the 26th current No 182
we inform you with pleasure that we have already
⟦illegible⟧

Page 128

JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools relief Committee
BAGHDAD
( Iraq )
The Jewish Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
Baghdad, ⟦November 3rd⟧ 192⟦8⟧
The Manager
The Eastern Bank Ltd
Baghdad.
Dear Sir,
Kindly open a current account in your books under the
title of the "JEWISH LAY COUNCIL: Schools Relief Committee"
All drawings under this account shall be made jointly by
the President of the Lay Council and the President of the Relief
Committee.
Please note the specimen signatures given below of the
two Presidents now in office: Mr, Yehouda Zelouf President Lay
Council and Mr, M. Myers President Schools Relief Committee.
Yours Faithfully.
President. Secretary.
Signature : of the Lay Council's President:
" : of Schools Relief Committee's President.

Page 129

The Jewish Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools relief Committee
BAGHDAD
( Iraq )
Baghdad, November 4, 1925.
Mr. Anwer Shaoul.
In Town.
Dear Sir,
The Schools Relief Committee requests that you kindly have some of your students from Taawn and Watani read, in various Synagogues, the appeal letter it has just launched to our Iraqi Coreligionists.
Thanking you for the service you are willing to render us, please accept our distinguished salutations
For the Committee.
The Secretary.

Page 130

JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools relief Committee
BAGHDAD
(Iraq)
The Israeli Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
Baghdad,:
192:
Letters Sent by Overland . |
M.S.S David | Manchester
S.&S Amber | Cairo.
E.M.Amber & Co. | "
J. J. Shohet | "
A. & J. Aghababa | "
Sion Bassri | "
J. Gourgey | London
J. S. Heskel | "
D. G. Levy | "
S.H.Michael | "
H. shahmoon | "
M. Daniel | Marsiel
C. Hanania | "
S. H. Heskel | Paris
H. Peress | "
A. Shamash | "
S. Hanania | "
M. Bekhor | Brexelles
J. Smooha | Alexandier
H. M. Daniel | Lausanne
Letters sent to via Bassreh |
D. E. Baher | Calcutta
E.R. Shahmoon | Shangai
E. M. Somekh | "
S. Somekh | "
A.J.Raymond | Bombay
E.V. Sassoon | "
A.Raymond | "
Mrs, F.S.D. Sassoon | "
Date On 5th November 1925.
The Secretary,
Rs 1/8
9 Rs.
Rs. 7/8

Page 132

JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools relief Committee
BAGHDAD
(Iraq)
Jewish Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
Baghdad,: 29/7
192:
LETTERS SENT TO:
Mr, | Phillipp Sassoon | London.
Sir, | Eleezer Kadoury | "
Mr, | Sassoon Michael | "
" | J.R. " | "
" | Fred Shohet | Manchester.
" | G. R. " | "
" | Jousef <del>Sassoon</del> Shaash | "
" | Moshi Shaik | "
" | Ezra Sassoon | "
Mess | A. Elias & sons | "
Mr, | Yehooda Heskel | "
Mess | Isaac Brothers Sons & Co. | "
" | Isaac & Haim H. Heskel | "
Mr, | E.S. David | "
Mess | David E.&.C.E. Somech | "
Mr, | Sam Shaashou | "
20
overland
29
anglo ⟦illegible⟧
15 ⟦illegible⟧
Op 8/7
Saleh Zelouy Paris
Sassoon Hamouda "
Henri Peris "
G. Gourji "
20 x 6 = 120
15
135

Page 133

JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools relief Committee
BAGHDAD
(Iraq)
The Israelite Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
Baghdad,: 11th November
192: 5.
LETTERS SENT TO KERMANSHAH.
Messrs, Josef & Haron M. Dellal.
Mr.,    Elyahou Josef Zilkah
"       Menashi Heskel Mashael.
"       Ibrahim " "
"       Salman Hougi Mathalon
"       Mire Menashi Nisan
"       Ezra Shaoul Shashou
"       Saleh Nisan
"       Jouri Jacob Nounou
"       Barouk " "
"       Elyahou Touweg
"       Rouben Mier Moualem
"       Shaoul Abdelah Levy
"       Gourji Shahrabani
"       Jacob "
"       Sassoon Moshi Dellal.
25 letts a 3 anas
Rps 4/11
Rs four & eleven anas.
LETTERS SENT TO HAMADAN.
LETTERS SENT TO HAMADAN.
Messrs Seluof Aboudi & Co.
Mr.    Kedouri Mier Moualem
"      Haron Moshi Jedda
"      Efraiem Moshi Jedda
"      Kedouri Josef Shamoun
" K    Gourji Massri
"      Kohen.
Mr. J. E. Judah Bombay
Mrs S. J. ⟦Komekh⟧. Shanghai
25
3
⟦line⟧
75
16
64
⟦line⟧
80
16
7
2
4

Page 134

13th November          5.
<del>⟦illegible⟧</del> Heskell H. Daniel, Esq.,
H A M A D A N.
Dear Mr. Heskell,
Attached we are sending you a letter of appeal
from the Schools Relief Committee. I am sure it is not necessary
for me to tell you about the great work that this object involves, or
to remind you of how near and dear are the Alliance Schools to every
resident past and present in Baghdad.
Enclosed is a list of Baghdad people now in your
centre, and I ask you on behalf of our Committee to visit them
personally, and see if you can induce them to assist us as generously
as they can in achieving our object.
Thanking you in advance and with all good wishes.
Yours faithfully,
⟦line⟧ PRESIDENT.

Page 135

Haron. M. Dallal, Esq.,
K E R M A N S H A H.
Dear Mr. Haron,
Attached we are sending you a letter of appeal
from The Schools Relief Committee. I am sure it is not necessary for
me to tell you about the great work that this object involves, or to
remind you of how near and dear are the Alliance Schools to every
resident past and present in Baghdad.
Enclosed is a list of Baghdad people now in your
centre, and I ask you on behalf of our Committee to visit them person-
ally and see if you can induce them to assist us as generously as they
can in achieving our object.
Thanking you in advance and with all good wishes.
Yours faithfully,
⟦line⟧PRESIDENT.

Page 136

JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools relief Committee
BAGHDAD
( Iraq )
Jewish Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
- 2 -
Baghdad,: 25th November
192: 5.
complete success in our difficult task .
You are not unaware that the teaching at the 2 schools Nouriel and Haron
Saleh leaves much to be desired for lack of good teachers, our committee
has just voted a very significant sum to these 2 schools for the improve-
ment of the teaching staff and the rental of a building for the students
of the Nouriel school. These 2 Midrashim deserve every interest given that they
receive no ⟦other⟧ subsidy than the income from their Waqf, which are
unfortunately restricted because of the drop in rent.
Please accept Mr. Director with our repeated
thanks, our distinguished salutations.
The Secretary.
Jewish Lay Council
Jewish Lay Council
Israelite - Baghdad
BAGHDAD
Schools Relief Committee
Schools Relief Committee

Page 138

C O P Y .
November 25. 1925.
Mr, M. Dupare.
Secretary Anglo Jewish Association.
London.
Dear Sir,
My Committee wish me to express their thanks for
your letter Dated 12/10/25. We are glad to hear of the ac-
tion you are taking to assist in the matter in helping the
local Jewish Schools .
The Committee understands from your letter that
any money you collect for this purpose will be sent to
them direct by you with the list of donors.
We also understand that you do not wish us to
address any more potential donors outside Iraq, Is it your
intention to apply to our compatriots in India, China,
Persia etc?
We have already sent letters of appeal to France
India, Egypt, China Persia, Etc.
With Compliments.
Yours Faithfully.
Sd/⟦line⟧Secretary.

Page 139

C.O.P.Y.
November 23, 1935.
1st December ⟦...⟧5.
Mr. M. Duparc,
Secretary Anglo Jewish Association,
London.
E. A. Wilson, Esquire,
The Mesopotamia Persia Corporation Ltd.,
B a g h d a d.
Dear Sir,
Dear Mr. Wilson,
⟦The⟧ Committee wish me to express their thanks for
your letter dated 15/10/35. ⟦Glad⟧ to hear of the in-
terest ⟦taken⟧ in helping the
Jewish Schools.
The Committee note from your letter that
any money you collect for this purpose will be sent to
them direct by you with the list of donors.
We also understand that you do not wish us to
approach any our potential donors outside Iraq. Is it your
intention to apply to our compatriots in India, China,
Persia etc?
We ⟦illegible⟧
India, Egypt, China, Persia, etc. ⟦illegible⟧
On behalf of the Committee, I thank you for your
generous subscription to the Jewish Schools. It is very gratifying
to me personally to see the support that the British firms are giving
us, and this leads us on to further efforts.
I attach hereto the official receipt and once
again thanking you,
With kind regards,
Yours faithfully,
Secretary.
I am,
Yours sincerely,
⟦line⟧ PRESIDENT.

Page 140

JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools relief Committee
BAGHDAD
(Iraq)
The Israelite Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
Baghdad, ⟦1st. December⟧ 1925
To the Director of the Journal "Moussbah"
I n T o w n .
Mr. Director,
We have the honor to send you herewith
the continuation of the list of donors in favor of the Relief
Committee for schools as well as a letter (the original itself) addressed to
our Committee by one of our coreligionists for whom please keep
anonymity. The subscription commission <del>⟦illegible⟧</del> has not yet had
the opportunity to visit this generous compatriot before the latter had
the initiative to send us his donation, qualifying it as annual.
How happy we would be if other coreligionists
followed this fine example which can only encourage us.
Please accept, Mr. Director, with our thanks
in advance, our distinguished greetings.
The Secretary.
N.B.
Please return the donor's letter to us. You may if
you wish put in your article on this subject as the signature of
the said letter the initials: A.A.

Page 141

JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools relief Committee
BAGHDAD
( Iraq )
The Israeli Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
Baghdad, December 2, 1925
Mr. Ibrahim Elkabir
In town,
Sir and dear Coreligionist
On behalf of the School Relief Committee we
address our warmest thanks to you for your letter
of the 26th instant containing your donation of 60 Rs.
We are very touched by the sentiments you show us
and how happy we would be if other coreligionists
followed your fine example.
We have taken the liberty of publishing your
letter in the Mesbah newspaper while remaining
anonymous. Reiterating our thanks to you
we ask you to believe in our devoted sentiments,
The Secretary

Page 142

The Jewish Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools relief Committee
BAGHDAD
(Iraq)
Baghdad,:
192:
Sir and dear coreligionist,
We have received your honored letter of ⟦...⟧ with the
amount of ⟦...⟧ your subscription in favor of the
schools relief committee.
We send you our warmest thanks for your
generosity and we hope that you will always take an interest
in the fate of our educational institutions on which the moral
and material recovery of our community depends.
We regret to inform you that the "Nouriel" school which
was in danger of collapsing, has just been closed by order of the Government and it is
thanks to our committee which has already been able to arrange the necessary funds for
the rental of a building, pending the reconstruction of the said
school which cannot be done without the effective support of our compatriots,
especially those living abroad who are in a position to evaluate
the importance of educational institutions.
Please accept dear Sir, with our repeated
thanks, our distinguished salutations.
The Secretary.
Sent to =
2/10 ⟦illegible⟧

Page 143

JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools relief Committee
BAGHDAD
(Iraq)
The Israelite Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
Baghdad, ⟦3rd⟧ December 192 5.
The Officer-in-Charge
Post & Telegraphs,
<del>B a g h d a d.</del>
Sir,
Kindly give orders to all concerned that any letters
ordinary or registered addressed to our Committee, are to be sent
to : -
Dr. Jos. Rosenfeld,
15/175 Ras Qurayah,
Yours faithfully,
⟦line⟧ PRESIDENT. ⟦illegible⟧ SECRETARY.

Page 144

JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools relief Committee
BAGHDAD
(Iraq)
The Israelite Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
Baghdad, December 8, 1925
To the Director of the Journal "Moussbah"
I n  T o w n .
Mr. Director,
We have the honor to send you herewith
the continuation of the subscription list as well as the statutes that
govern our Committee, which we ask you to publish in your
next issue. You will also find a letter addressed from Mosul
to our Committee from a coreligionist whose altruistic sentiments
prompted him to write to us without the Committee having sent him
the appeal letter in particular. It was enough for this generous coreligionist
to read the said appeal letter in your honorable Journal to
send us his subscription. We hope that the number of your readers
is large, so that a great number of Baghdadi coreligionists
whose addresses we do not know may be aware of the action of our
Committee.
Please accept, Mr. Director, with our thanks,
the expression of our perfect consideration.
The Secretary.
P.S.
In response to your letter of the 4th instant, we would like
to have from you the list of subscribers who are not your
subscribers so that we may send them the costs abroad to
draw their attention to your newspaper if their name is marked
among the subscribers.

Page 145

11 / 2 / 50
Management Committee of Frank Iny School
Greetings and respect,
We, the undersigned, parents of the students of Class 6B in your esteemed school,
submit this grievance to you, hoping for your fatherly kindness to look into it with sympathy, justice, and mercy.
Our sons in the aforementioned class have been completely neglected by the English language teacher, Mr.
⟦Salman⟧ ⟦...⟧, who has not performed his teaching duties toward them as required, as he has not taught them
since the beginning of the school year until now except for a few pages of the reading book, and he has not taught them
anything regarding grammar, spelling, composition, and translation, such that their knowledge of this language
has become zero, and the final exam date has approached. Therefore, we hope your esteemed committee
will take the necessary measures <del>⟦illegible⟧</del> to save our sons from
this painful fate <del>⟦illegible⟧</del> by appointing a competent teacher to teach them this subject
urgently so they can make up for the lessons they missed in the remaining time. This,
and we offer you our utmost thanks and appreciation, with prayers for your continued success.
With our highest respect,
The Undersigned
Parents of Class 6B students
⟦illegible circular stamp⟧

11th Decr.          5.
Messrs. The Eastern Bank Ltd.,
B a g h d a d.
Dear Sirs,
I shall be glad if you will send me per bearer a
Cheque book, containing 50 Cheques.
Yours faithfully,
⟦line⟧PRESIDENT.

Page 146

⟦illegible⟧ JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
⟦illegible⟧ Schools Relief Committee
BAGHDAD
(Iraq)
Israeli
Schools
Baghdad (Iraq)
Baghdad,: ⟦line⟧
192:
⟦illegible handwriting in blue and pencil⟧
Dear Sir,
We beg to acknowledge receipt of your favour dated.
enclosing ⟦line⟧ as subscription at the Schools Relief Committee.
We have to express our best thanks to you for your generous con-
tribution. Our Schools are now dependent on the support which this Committee
is enabled to offer through the generous aid of its subscribers, for their
maintenance and improvement. It is with the greatest satisfaction that we
record the response which our call has received from you and we have the
firmest belief that thanks to such aids our Schools will not henceforward
lack the means which are necessary to ensure their progress and eventually
the material and moral regeneration of our Community. We trust that you will
ever interest yourself in their welfare and that you will always lend a
sympathetic ear to the calls which may be made by this Committee for their
benefit.
We are, dear, Sir,
Yours Faithfully.
⟦signature⟧
Secretary.
Jewish Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
The ⟦illegible⟧ Council
Committee ⟦illegible⟧ Schools
Baghdad
⟦Large red 'X' mark across the body of the letter⟧

12
1945
10/7
11
To the Honorable President of the Lay Council
Greetings and respect,
We have received receipts No. 203, 204, and 205 and have issued a check for the amount of <del>12000</del> rupees <del>⟦only⟧</del> ⟦for the account⟧
towards the Alliance schools on account of the amount allocated for the Nuriel and Haron Saleh schools. We have also appointed a committee to study
the issue of school fees at the Rusafa <del>and Karkh</del> school so that it may serve as a basis for calculating fees in other schools.
After examining their report, we will inform you of this matter. We have delegated two members of the committee to attend the Council meeting, perhaps at the next appointment.
We request that regarding future meetings, you inform us five or six days before the day of the session in which the two members are intended to attend.
We also wish to inform you that our committee is particularly interested in building the Nuriel school and wishes to know the <del>⟦illegible⟧</del> amount
of the costs for that <del>⟦illegible⟧</del> and we also submit to your esteemed council the necessary maps as well.
Accordingly, we hope that you will approve the <del>allocation</del> of the fee for the engineer who will perform this, along with his appointment
as well. We regret to inform you that Munshi Effendi Eliyahu Rois, one of the members of this committee, has resigned for health reasons.
Therefore, we hope that you will appoint someone in his place <del>⟦illegible⟧</del> and notify this committee of his passing if you appoint someone the town deems a replacement for him
due to what we believe of his competence for that.
With highest respect,
⟦Signature⟧

Page 147

Baghdad 15 August 945
To the respected Mr. Isaac Moallem Nissim
Mosul
Greetings and respect,
We have received your letter dated the 10th of this month and also the one thousand Dinars which
you donated to assist this school. We extend our deepest thanks to you for what your hand
has generously provided in valuable assistance, upon which our school now depends to continue
on the path of constant progress. We are hopeful that you will continue to pay attention
to the condition of our school and assist it in the future as well. With our utmost thanks, and may you remain well.
Sincerely,
Copy to Khedhouri Eliyahu Khazzam 29 March 946
⟦illegible⟧
Jewish Lay Council
Baghdad Schools
JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
BAGHDAD

Page 148

JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools relief Committee
BAGHDAD
(Iraq)
Jewish Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
Baghdad, 192
Dear Sir,
We beg to acknowledge receipt of your favour dated.
enclosing ⟦to⟧ as subscription at the Schools Relief Committee.
We have to express our best thanks to you for your gen⟦e⟧rous contri-
bution. Our Schools are now dependant on the support which this Committee
is enabled to offer through the generous aid of its subscribers, for their
maintenance and improvement. It is with the greatest satisfaction that we
record the response which our call has received from you; <del>and</del> We have the
fer⟦m⟧est belief that thanks to such aids our Schools will not hen⟦c⟧eforward
lack the means which are necessary to ensure their progress and eventually
the material and moral ⟦advancement⟧ regeneration of our Community. We trust that ⟦you⟧ will
ever interest yourself in their welfare and that you will always lend a
sympathetic ear to the calls which may be made by this Committee for their
benefit.
Again thanking you
We are, dear, Sir,
Yours Faithfully.
Jewish Lay Council
Jewish Lay Council
Baghdad
BAGHDAD
Relief Committee
Schools
Schools Relief Committee
⟦A Rosenfeld⟧
Secretary.

Page 149

15th.December,          ⟦192⟧5.
The Manager
Eastern Bank Ltd.
B A G H D A D.
Dear Sir,
We are in receipt of a letter Dated.2.12.25. from Mr.Heskell,
chairman of your headquarters in London, informing us that he has advis-
ed you to pay to our account the sum of Rs.1000. as a ⟦a⟧ donation towards
the relief of the Jewish Schools. This generous donation is in reply to
our letter of appeal sent to Mr, Heskell personally and we shall be glad
to hear from you that you have credited our account accordingly.
Thanking you in anticipation
Yours Faithfully.
Secretary.

Page 150

JEWISH LAY COUNCIL
Schools relief Committee
BAGHDAD
(Iraq)
The Israelite Lay Council
Schools Relief Committee
Baghdad (Iraq)
Baghdad, December 21, 1925
Mr. D. Sassoon
Director of the Alliance Schools
In town
Mr. Director
The Schools Relief Committee
requests that you have a ⟦as complete as possible⟧ list drawn up bearing
the ⟦full⟧ names of the fathers of the students with ⟦their designations of their⟧ trades as
well as the names of their sons and daughters attending our 2
schools Albert Sassoon and Laura Kadoorie, while
indicating the ⟦respective⟧ school fees for the current year 1925-26.
Please accept, Mr. Director, our distinguished
salutations
The Secretary